Quantitative Detection of Beef and Beef Meat Products Adulteration by the Addition of Duck Meat Using Micro Drop Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction

Table 4

Adulteration detection of commercial samples.

Commercial sample	Beef (%), n = 3	Duck (%), n = 3
Duck blood tofu A	0	42.29 ± 2.61
Duck blood tofu B	0	4.28 ± 0.23
Duck calf	0	5.55 ± 0.17
Duck wing root	3.36 ± 0.18	19.75 ± 1.30
Shredded duck meat	0	13.38 ± 0.36
Duck neck	0	18.63 ± 0.93
Tender duck blood tofu	0	34.64 ± 1.01
Duck liver	0	0.072 ± 0.01
Duck wings	0	13.87 ± 0.53
Sweet spicy duck neck	0	4.33 ± 0.27
Beef balls	0	5.81 ± 0.27
Bulk sauce beef	4.23 ± 0.42	0
Beef grain	4.29 ± 0.21	0
Beef sticks	12.64 ± 0.70	0
Cowhide leather	73.42 ± 0.90	0
Prepackaged sauce beef A	4.58 ± 0.31	0
Prepackaged sauce beef B	4.11 ± 0.14	0
Prepackaged sauce beef C	9.45 ± 0.71	0
Beef loose	0.15 ± 0.01	0
Prepackaged beef rolls	57.30 ± 1.38	0
Bulk beef roll	70.93 ± 1.83	4.07 ± 0.23
Children’s steak A	53.36 ± 1.29	0
Children’s steak B	29.63 ± 1.21	0
Children’s steak C	13.22 ± 1.04	0
Bulk steak	69.89 ± 1.74	0
Spiced beef slices	0.027 ± 0.005	0
Beef ham	5.04 ± 0.42	0
Spicy beef	3.01 ± 0.06	0
Fat cow rolls	3.65 ± 0.26	0
Fat beef pieces	4.29 ± 0.25	0
Frozen cooked beef slices	40.89 ± 1.23	0
Beef roll	11.13 ± 0.55	0
High-quality beef	14.55 ± 1.01	0
Sirloin cut	49.24 ± 1.11	0
Black pepper steak	28.53 ± 0.92	0
Salad steak	27.02 ± 1.61	0
Value-for-money steak	28.07 ± 0.97	0
Breakfast beef patty	6.38 ± 0.49	0
Fat beef pieces A	52.25 ± 2.31	0
Fat beef pieces B	40.54 ± 1.28	0
Inner Mongolia fat cattle	13.63 ± 1.10	0
Fresh fat beef slices	11.89 ± 0.34	0
Sirloin steak	54.52 ± 1.45	0
Beef jerky A	14.84 ± 0.29	0
Beef jerky B	57.47 ± 2.02	0
Featured lamb roll	42.51 ± 0.72	0

Note. The total mass of the commercial sample is 50 mg. Values are provided as mean ± standard deviation.