Botanical Origin and Nutritional Values of Bee Bread of Stingless Bee (Heterotrigona itama) from Malaysia

Table 4

Amino acids in bee bread of the stingless bee H. itama.

Amino acid (g/100 g)	Geographical locations
	Ladang 10 UPM	Batang Benar	MAEPS	Rinching Hilir	Average
Essential amino acids
Phenylalanine	2.796 ± 0.567^a	2.311 ± 0.190^ab	1.843 ± 0.084^b	2.202 ± 0.232^ab	2.288 ± 0.341
Valine	1.117 ± 0.051^a	1.101 ± 0.221^a	1.004 ± 0.019^b	1.109 ± 0.028^a	1.083 ± 0.046
Histidine	1.151 ± 0.168^a	1.006 ± 0.159^ab	0.778 ± 0.070^b	1.044 ± 0.111^ab	0.995 ± 0.136
Methionine	0.525 ± 0.0.91^a	0.484 ± 0.065^a	0.365 ± 0.047^a	0.407 ± 0.068^a	0.445 ± 0.063
Isoleucine	0.760 ± 0.180^a	0.938 ± 0.052^a	0.881 ± 0.018^a	0.825 ± 0.141^a	0.851 ± 0.066
Leucine	1.834 ± 0.083^a	1.677 ± 0.096^ab	1.606 ± 0.043^b	1.642 ± 0.030^b	1.690 ± 0.087
Threonine	2.001 ± 0.282^a	1.763 ± 0.188^a	1.519 ± 0.050^a	1.721 ± 0.188^a	1.751 ± 0.171
Alanine	1.036 ± 0.110^a	1.012 ± 0.056^a	1.004 ± 0.352^a	1.0597 ± 0.090^a	1.028 ± 0.022
Conditionally essential amino acids
Arginine	2.660 ± 0.296^a	2.300 ± 0.276^ab	1.959 ± 0.117^b	2.416 ± 0.107^ab	2.334 ± 0.252
Tyrosine	1.634 ± 0.098^a	1.484 ± 0.145^a	1.100 ± 0.068^b	1.370 ± 0.152^ab	1.397 ± 0.195
Glycine	1.414 ± 0.156^a	1.243 ± 0.069^a	1.479 ± 0.064^a	1.121 ± 0.046^b	1.314 ± 0.141
Proline	1.711 ± 0.106^a	1.573 ± 0.087^ab	1.478 ± 0.052^b	1.530 ± 0.051^ab	1.573 ± 0.086
Nonessential amino acids
Hydroxyproline	0.570 ± 0.126^a	0.581 ± 0.086^a	0.259 ± 0.054^a	0.415 ± 0.191^a	0.456 ± 0.131
Serine	2.182 ± 0.426^a	2.152 ± 0.137^a	1.783 ± 0.058^a	2.055 ± 0.121^a	2.043 ± 0.157
Glutamic acid	1.638 ± 0.426^a	1.491 ± 0.071^a	1.658 ± 0.123^a	1.742 ± 0.013^a	1.632 ± 0.090
Aspartic acid	1.577 ± 0.352^a	1.400 ± 0.115^a	1.381 ± 0.009^a	1.363 ± 0.101^a	1.430 ± 0.857
Lysine	0.735 ± 0.109^a	0.617 ± 0.106^a	0.704 ± 0.049^a	0.752 ± 0.062^a	0.702 ± 0.052

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation of triplicate independent experiments. Mean values with different letters in the same row are significantly different ().