Hormones and Hormonal Anabolics: Residues in Animal Source Food, Potential Public Health Impacts, and Methods of Analysis

Table 3

Determination of hormones and hormonal anabolics in food of animal origin using different techniques of sample preparation and analytical methods.

Sample (hormone)	Extraction and/or cleanup technique	Solvent for extraction	Assaying method and detectors used	LOD (µg/kg)	Reference
Beef meat (clenbuterol)	HF-SPME	Methanol (MeOH) and AA	HPLC-DAD	0.01–0.03 (µg/ml)	[56]
Pork (melted fat) (MPA)	SPE (C18 cartridge, 500 mg, 3 ml)	MeOH	HPLC-tandem MS	0.5	[57]
Meat (steroids and corticosteroids)	SFE and SPME; SFE and SPE	CO2, MeOH; ACN, AA	HPLC-UV, (column 100 × 5 mm RP-C18)		[58, 59]
Kidney fat and meat (steroid hormones)	LSE and; Si-NH2 SPE	ACN hexane; MeOH	GC-EI-IT-MS	0.5–5	[51]
Meat (steroid hormones)	LSEC18 SPE	ACN hexane MeOH: H2O	GC-EI-IT-MS	0.1–0.4	[60]
Bovine milk (six types of estrogen)	Deproteinization; Defatting (ASE) LLEC18-SPE	Acetic acid; MeOH:H2OHe; xane ACN: H2O	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS; (positive mode) (ACN/water/AA)	0.005–0.01	[53, 61]
Milk (DES)	CNTs-HF-SPME	MeOH	HPLC-UV (C18)	5.1 µg/L	[43]
Yoghurt (17β-estradiol)	MIP	Acetic acid; MeOH	HPLC-UV (C18)	0.03–013	[62]
Milk products	HF-LPME	ACN plus; acetic acid	HPLC-UV (C18 silica columns)	0.290.23–0.400.58	[55]
Yoghurt
Liquid
ProbioticChees (estrogens)

Note. AA = acetic acid, ACN = acetonitrile, EI = electron impact, ESI = electron spray ionization, GC = gas chromatography, H₂O = water, HF-LPME = hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction, HFPME = hollow-fiber solid-phase microextraction, HF-SPME = hollow-fiber solid-phase microextraction, HPLC = high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC-DAD = HPLC with photodiode array detector, HPLC-UV = high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet, IT = ion trap, LOD = limit of detection, LSE = liquid-solid extraction, MeOH = methanol, MIP = molecular imprinted polymer, MS = mass spectrometry, and SPE = solid-phase extraction.