Chemical Constituents and Health Benefits of Four Chinese Plum Species

Liu, Wei; Nan, Guangming; Nisar, Muhammad Farrukh; Wan, Chunpeng

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8842506

Journal of Food Quality

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Bioactive Food Components and their Chronic Diseases Prevention Effects

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Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 8842506 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8842506

Chemical Constituents and Health Benefits of Four Chinese Plum Species

Wei Liu,¹Guangming Nan,¹Muhammad Farrukh Nisar,^2,3,4and Chunpeng Wan³

Academic Editor: Quancai Sun

Received23 Apr 2020

Revised10 May 2020

Accepted24 Jun 2020

Published22 Jul 2020

Abstract

Prunus is a large genus in the Rosaceae family of flowering plants, comprising over 340 species inhabiting variable landscapes in the world. Over 500 listed phytochemicals have been isolated from this single genus so far. The present study focused four Chinese Prunus species, viz., Prunus cerasifera, Prunus domestica, Prunus salicina, and Prunus spinosa, due to their uses, demand, nutritional value, medicinal importance, and diverse biological potential. The current review article highlights the details about the active phytochemicals and various pharmacological activities already reported. Almost 212 compounds, the majority of which are flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and their derivatives, which have been isolated from these four Prunus species fall in different categories and are helpful to evade chronic oxidative stress-mediated diseases. A huge variation exists in the total phytochemicals composition in different Prunus species, making these species to have different biological activities in multiple disease conditions, and even the same variety growing under different edaphic conditions may have different antioxidant capacities. It is suggested to perform extensive and indepth studies to find new phytochemicals from these four Chinese Prunus species which could boost the local industry to fulfill the increasing demands.

1. Introduction

Prunus is a large genus (340 species) comprising variable habit of plants belonging to family Rosaceae of flowering plants. The major representatives of the genus Prunus include plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, and almonds [1]. Over 500 listed phytochemicals have been isolated from this single genus so far from this genus. In the past few decades, plums have been explained as health-promoting foods due to their anti-inflammatory actions, improving neurological disorders and strong antioxidant nature mainly because of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins [2].

Prunus species are rich in biologically active ingredients, e.g., apigenin bears strong anticancer properties as a study by Jiang and colleagues showed that it inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human ovarian cancer cells [3]. Moreover, Apigenin inhibited tumorigenesis as examined by Matrigel plug assay and chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM assay) [3]. Similarly, another active ingredient luteolin in Prunus species, which is also reported to show strong anticancer activity by inhibiting the growth and invasion of prostate cancer (PC3) cells, is used to check lung metastasis in an in vivo study, and hence, it is highlighted that luteolin targets E-cadherin and may be a useful way to cure invasive prostrate cancer [4]. Chrysin shows anticancer effects by potentially inhibiting HIF-1α [5], while kaempferol, quercetin, and multiforin extracted from Prunus species showed strong antioxidant potential in the DPPH radical scavenging assay [6–8]. Traditionally, plums are dried and processed for a prolonged shelf life of plums. Considering the dried fruits in terms of the phytochemical constituents, the presence of antioxidants has been reported to be the maximum compared with other dried fruits or vegetables [9].

Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are important physiological molecules involved, among others, in cell signaling and host defense [10]. However, an uncontrolled and excessive ROS/RNS production may overwhelm the antioxidant capacity of the cells and lead to deleterious oxidative stress, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases [11]. Various polyphenolic compounds or plant extracts, as natural antioxidants, are regarded as a potential treatment option in prophylaxis and adjunctive therapy of CVD, and their mechanisms of action, including possible interactions with ROS/RNS, are closely looked into the restriction of onset of oxidative stress-mediated disease [12].

1.1. Aims and Objectives

As the genus Prunus is one of the largest ones, there is no authentic and detailed study describing the biological activities of its constituents in four Chinese Prunus species, viz., P. cerasifera, P. domestica, P. salicina, and P. spinosa. Hence, the current review article will highlight the details about the active phytochemicals and various pharmacological activities already reported.

2. Chemical Constituents of Four Plum Species

Almost 212 compounds, the majority of which were flavonoids and phenolic acids, isolated from different Prunus species have been classified under different categories and summarized in Tables 1–3.

2.1. Flavonoids

Approximately 113 flavonoids compounds (Table 1, Figure 1) including 9 anthocyanins (1−9), 33 proanthocyanins (10−42), 55 flavone and flavonols (43−92, 105−106, 110−111, 113), 13 dihydroflavonols (93−104), 3 isoflavonoids (107−109), and 1 dihydrochalcone (112) were identified from P. cerasifera, P. domestica, P. salicina, and P. spinosa.

(a)

(b)

(c)

2.2. Phenolic Acids

The analysis of phenolic acids (Table 2, Figure 2) indicated that chlorogenic acid was the predominant compound. Seven benzoic acid derivatives (114−120, 140, 141), 7 cinnamic acid derivatives (121−127, 148, 149), 6 caffeoylquinic acid derivatives (128−133), 2 feruloylquinic acid derivatives (134, 135), 3 comaroylquinic acid derivatives (136−139), 2 shikimic acid (142, 143), ellagic acid (145), 2 propionic acid (146, 147), 2 abscisic acid (152, 153), and 3 abscisic acid derivatives (154−158) were identified from P. cerasifera, P. domestica, P. salicina, and P. spinosa.

2.3. Others

A total of 16 individual phenolic compounds have been identified from P. domestica. The major components identified and quantitated by HPLC-ESI-MS comprise (163, 166, 167, 180), along with a neolignane (171), two guajacyl-glycerin-coniferyl aldehyde isomers (172, 173) and dehydro-diconiferyl aldehyde (174). Three cyanogenic glycosids (167-169) were identified from P. spinosa. Four organic acids (175-178) and vitamin C (179) contents of three plum species (P. cerasifera, P. domestica, and P. spinosa.) were determined by the HPLC method. Two carbaldehyde derivatives (180, 181), 3 steroids (185−187), 4 terpenoids (188-191, 204, 205), 8coumarin derivatives (193-201), 3 cinnamic acid derivatives (202, 203, 209), and 2 glucosyl terpenates (205, 208) were identified from different Prunus species (Table 3, Figure 3).

(a)

(b)

3. Biological Activities of Four Plum Species

Various compounds have been isolated from different Prunus species and classified under different categories, viz., polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, alkaloids, and terpenes. The pharmacological properties of all four Chinese plum species have been discussed in the next sections.

3.1. Prunus cerasifera

Cherry plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh. and Rosaceae) or “Myrobalan plum” is a well-known medicinal plant and is a rich source of polyphenolics, anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, various organic acids, aromatic compounds, tannins, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidant compounds [13, 71]. The Myrobalan plum fruits are rich in health-promoting phytochemicals that help prevent the onset of different diseases. The P. cerasifera fruit has strong antibacterial and antifungal potential of pathogenic class for medical sciences and agricultural product-related pathogens [72]. The purple Myrobalan plum fruit peels have high amounts of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds due to which it showed high antioxidant activity [24]. Considerable differences have also been reported for P. cerasifera accessions with regard to total phenolics and antioxidant activity [73]. Another report highlighted that tannins found in P. cerasifera have high antioxidant properties and showed potential inhibition of tyrosinase activity and, thus, could be used as a strong inhibitor for the onset of melanogenesis [29]. Gunduza and Saracoglu studied various fruit characteristics (total phenolics and antioxidant activity) in different accessions of P. cerasifera from Turkey and reported considerable variation for these characters among the accessions, but the phenolic contents are comparable to many other plum species [73]. The antioxidant capability of plums mainly depends on the level of ripening, and this trend is entirely opposite to that of the phenolic contents [74]. The leaves of P. cerasifera are enriched with biologically active ingredients, notably tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, all of which show high antioxidant activity [50, 75]. Excessive presence of various natural and edible pigments in leaves and branches of P. cerasifera make it more demanding in the world market, especially the anthocyanins rich in red edible pigments for beverage industry [29, 76–78].

3.2. Prunus domestica

The Cherry plum (Prunus domestica L., Rosaceae) is famous as “Mirabelle plum” or “Myrobalan,” and its fruits display a huge variation in size, shape, taste, and appearance [24]. Fresh fruits of P. domestica are processed into dried functional food so that they keep its potential health effects shown by the presence of plenty of phenolics and antioxidants [54]. Prunus kernels which actually are the dried form of the fruits are achieved at 85–90°C for 18 hours [79] and have been utilized in medicine for centuries [63]. In different parts of the world, especially in Southeast Asia, prunes are being administered alone or in combination with other medicines to cure menstrual disorders, leucorrhoea, and debility after the miscarriage [80]. Moreover, plums have a laxative effect due to high fibre contents and higher phenolic contents [81, 82]. Certain studies reported that high phenolics may pose positive health effects on the development and strengthening of bones and memory-related issues, reduce inflammations, release constipation, and scavenge ROS [83–87]. The higher antioxidant activity of extracts of P. domestica is mainly because of the presence of phenolic compounds, especially the isomers of caffeoylquinic acid [6, 63].

The oral administration of the Prunus fruit extracts (75, 100, 150 mg/kg) to male mice gave much higher learning and memory enhancement [88]. The chlorogenic acid isolated from P. domestica reduces the anxiolytic-like effect in vitro which is linked with anxiety behaviour and provides protection to granulocytes by avoiding ROS efflux [64]. The improvement of bone structure and its biomechanical properties is linked with the usage of higher doses of plums that downregulates the expression of TNF-α in lymphocytes [89], as well as retention of bone calcium ions [86].

The fruit flesh extract of P. domestica inhibited the cell proliferation of breast cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-453, and MCF-10A cell lines), as well as reduces the toxicity levels in the normal cells [84]. Furthermore, prunes are also found to reduce various other cancers such as colon cancer by inducing apoptosis without any harm to the normal neighbouring cells [90–92]. For human liver cancer cells (HepG2), prunes aid in atntiproliferation activity [90]. Moreover, the polyphenolics in prunes help in reduction in inflammatory markers such as Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) [92]. The fruit extract of dried plums have been reported to be rich in polyphenolic compounds and showed a huge reduction in the inflammatory markers such as nitric oxide and melondialdehyde production in a dose-dependent manner [93]. On the other hand, another class of phytocompounds reported in P. domestica is polysaccharides, which reduces and completely inhibited gastric lesions in a rat model [94].

The fruit extracts of P. domestica showed positive results against peptic ulcer in Wistar albino rats, and it was said that due to the presence of higher amounts of polyphenolics in the fruit juices of plumes, it showed strong antioxidant potential which reduces the oxidative stress and engages various acids to neutralize the corrosive effects of various acids and, hence, appeared as antiulcerogenic [95]. Phenolic compounds reported in P. domestica minimized the H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress through reducing the intracellular ROS accumulation in granulocytes [96]. Prunes are stated as highly useful to protect against cardiovascular disorders to regulate or modulate blood pressure, prevent atherosclerosis, and boost high-density lipoproteins (HDL) [97]. P. domestica fruit juice (juice concentrate + prune puree + water + 7% fructose) has laxative effects on bowel functions in individuals suffering gastrointestinal issues and increases flatulence [98]. In another study, P. domestica fruit extracts were studied for their antiallergic responses, and it was reported that it reduces the type-I allergic symptoms in mice by adjusting type-1 helper T-cell/type-2 helper T-cell balance and suppression of mast cell degranulation [99].

3.3. Prunus salicina Lindl

The oriental plum (Prunus salicina Lindley, Rosaceae), locally called as Chinese plum, is reported to be a rich source of various pigments such as anthocyanins and polyphenolic compounds. Foods enriched with polyphenolic compounds using oriental plum can improve the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases by reducing the brain cholesterol levels and upregulation of neurodegenerative-related proteins [100]. The crude extracts of the peels and flesh of P. salicina fruit prepared in acetone have strong anticancer properties as reported for inducing apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells [53, 101]. Moreover, P. salicina fruits are rich in phenolic antioxidants (82%), of which a nitrogenous compound amygdalin is in higher quantity, which is banned by the FDA as a cancer chemotherapeutic agent [53].

The P. salicina fruits extracts were prepared at various levels of fruit maturity, i.e., immature, partial-mature, and fully mature fruits, and these extracts showed strong anticancer potential against various cancer cell lines, viz. HepG2, Kato11, Hela, U937 lukaemia cells, MCF-7 cells, and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell lines [101]. The mechanism for this anticancer activity was due to the cytotoxic effects of the P. salicina fruit extracts containing polyphenolics that activate apoptotic pathway leading to the programmed cell death [101]. In another study, P. salicina fruit juices showed antiadipogenic effects and reduce inflammations, blood glucose levels, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol levels in obese rats [102]. The fruit extracts of P. salicina are rich bioactive compounds when mixed with the food supplements which help reduce mite allergic responses [99].

3.4. Prunus spinosa L

Blackthorn or sloe (Prunus spinosa L., Rosaceae) is widely cultivated throughout the world [103]. P. spinosa is resistant to cold, drought, and calcareous soils and represents one of the ancestors of P. domestica [104]. Like all other Chinese prunes, P. spinosa also bears strong biological constituents. Active components of the plant are believed to be polyphenols, including flavonoids and A-type proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, coumarins, and phenolic acids, forming unique and diversified profiles in particular organs, among which the flowers are the least characterized [30, 33, 43, 47, 105–108]. The unique composition of phytochemicals in the P. spinosa plant may correspond to the distinctive activity profile reported by traditional Chinese medication systems. Other than traditional Chinese medicine, huge literature reports ethnomedicinal and ethnopharmacological uses of P. spinosa, which showed its potential benefits to cure various diseases [1, 32]. P. spinosa fruits and its juice could be considered as a valuable source of antioxidant compounds for nutritional supplementation, as well as of herbal medicine [18]. P. spinosa L. flowers are a traditional herbal medicine recommended for the adjunctive treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases [65].

4. Conclusions and Further Prospective

The major phytochemicals have been isolated from four Chinese plum species including polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. There occur huge variations in the total phytochemicals contents in different species, which make these different species to have different biological activities in multiple disease conditions, and even the same variety growing under different edaphic conditions may have different antioxidant capacities. Moreover, 212 known compounds have been reported to be present in these four Chinese plum species, which are helpful to evade chronic oxidative stress-mediated diseases. Moreover, it is suggested to perform some extensive and in-depth studies to find new phytochemicals from these four Chinese plum species which could boost the local industry to fulfill the increasing demands.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgments

This research was funded by the Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application at Universities of Education Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2019YSHXZD02).

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