Study on Biodegradable Chitosan-Whey Protein-Based Film Containing Bionanocomposite TiO₂ and Zataria multiflora Essential Oil

Table 1

Thickness, swelling ratio, water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), and optical properties of WPI/chitosan samples containing TiO₂ and TiO₂-ZEO.

Films	Thickness (m)	Swelling ratio (%)	WVP (10^−10 g·m MPa^−1s^−1·m^−2)	TS (MPa)	EAB (%)	Color			Opacity
						L^∗	a^∗	b^∗
Control	66.93 ± 1.23^b	65.08 ± 1.62^e	3.47 ± 0.07^b	6.03 ± 0.22^e	22.37 ± 1.19^a	75.1 ± 0.67^c	−5.94 ± 0.1^a	11.25 ± 0.76^a	4.22 ± 0.01^a
TiO2-1%	64.37 ± 1.14^a	46.56 ± 0.94^d	3.34 ± 0.059^a	8.80 ± 0.83^b	17.39 ± 0.99^b	90.45 ± 0.75^b	−5.79 ± 0.47^ab	13.63 ± 0.24^b	12.50 ± 0.04^b
TiO2-1% + ZEO	71.31 ± 1.13^c	17.59 ± 1.30^b	3.70 ± 0.058^c	8.14 ± 0.45^d	13.62 ± 1.19^c	86.51 ± 0.48^d	−5.13 ± 0.16^ab	13.94 ± 0.36^b	14.24 ± 0.01^c
TiO2-2%	66.81 ± 1.22^b	35.79 ± 1.29^c	3.47 ± 0.063^b	9.44 ± 0.48^a	12.88 ± 1.34^d	92.02 ± 0.71^a	−4.78 ± 0.61^b	13.55 ± 0.62^b	21.40 ± 0.05^d
TiO2-2% + ZEO	73.50 ± 1.21^d	12.12 ± 1.00^a	3.81 ± 0.084^d	8.71 ± 0.56^c	11.28 ± 1.70^d	88.75 ± 0.79^c	−4.87 ± 0.78^ab	16.02 ± 0.63^c	22.15 ± 0.10^e

Data are shown as average ± standard deviation. Different letters in the same column show significant differences ().