Antioxidative Stress Mechanisms behind Resveratrol: A Multidimensional Analysis

Table 1

Summary of the application of RSV antioxidant properties in the treatment of diseases.

Model	Types	Treatment time/ Dosage/Feeding regime	Disease	Beneficial effects	Mechanisms	Reference
Animal	Nonobese GK rats	10 weeks	Type 2 diabetes	MDA content ↓. Serum GPx activity ↓. Liver CAT activity ↓	Activated NF-кB signaling pathway	[50]
		20 mg/kg/day
		Intragastrical injection
	Male SD rats	48 hours	Ischemic reperfusion injury	NOx, MDA content ↓. SOD, GSH, CAT activity ↑	Activated p38/MAPK	[51]
		10 mg/kg/day
		Intraperitoneal injection
	Male Wistar rats	20 days	Periodontitis	iNOS expression ↓. OHdG expression ↑. NOx and nitrotyrosine formation ↓	Activated the SIRT1/AMPK pathway	[52]
		10 mg/kg/day
		Oral gavage
	Male Wistar albino rats	3 weeks	Rotenone-induced Parkinson	Striatal DA level ↑. CHOP, GRP78 mRNA expression ↓. Striatal caspase-3, xanthine oxidase activity ↓. Striatal IL-1β, PC levels ↓. Glutathione peroxidase activity ↑	Activated Nrf2/antioxidant defense pathway	[53]
		200 mg/kg/day
		Oral gavage
	Male Wistar rats	15 days	OHDA-induced Parkinson	TBARS, protein carbonyl levels ↓. Phospholipase A2 activity ↓. GPx, GR, CAT, and SOD activity ↑. COX-2 expression ↓	Activated Nrf2 signaling pathway	[54]
		20 mg/kg/day
		Introgastric gavage
	C57BL/6 mice	24 hours	Aging	Nox2 and Nox4 expression ↓. SOD1 and SOD2 expression ↑	Activated AMPK and SIRT1	[55]
		40 mg/kg/day
		Oral gavage
	Male ApoE-KO mice	7 days	Cardiovascular diseases	SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, CAT, GPx1 mRNA expression ↑. Nox2 and Nox4 expression↓. 2-HE and ethidium ↓. MDA and 3-nitrotyrosine ↓. GCH1 mRNA expression ↑	Activated SIRT1	[56]
		30/100 mg/kg/day
		Oral gavage
	Male SAM	5 days	Aging	SOD activity ↑. SOD mRNA expression ↑. Gpx activity ↑MDA level ↓ mtDNA deletion ↓		[57]
		25/50/100 mg/kg/day
		Introgastric gavage
	Adult male Wistar rats	10weeks	Alcohol-induced cognitive deficits	Acetylcholinesterase activity ↓. Nitrite level ↓. Lipid peroxide ↓. GSH, SOD, CAT activity ↑. TNF-a, IL-1β, NF-kβ, caspase-3 levels ↓		[58]
		5/10/20 mg/kg/day
		Oral gavage
	Female Wistar rats	16 weeks	Alcoholic liver disease	Liver AST, ALT levels ↓ CAT, GPx enzyme activity ↑. MDA level ↓. CYP2E1 protein expression ↓. Caspase 3 activity ↓SOD1, SOD2, SOD3, CAT, GPx mRNA expression ↑		[59]
		250 mg/kg/day
		Oral gavage
	Male Zucker rats	6 weeks	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease	MDA level ↓. GSH/GSSH ↑. SOD activity ↑. ACO, CPT-Ia activity ↑		[60]
		15/45 mg/kg/day
		Oral gavage
Cell	HT22 cell	12 hours	Glutamate-induced (2mM) Alzheimer and Parkinson	HO-1 expression ↑. The cytoprotective of HT22 cells ↓	Activated SIRT1 signaling pathway	[61]
		2.5-10 μM
		Not given
	Oocytes	12 hours	Doxorubicin-induced compromised fertility	ROS level ↓. CAT, Sod1, Gpx3 mRNA levels ↑. DNA damage ↓		[62]
		0.5/1/5 μM
		Not given
	Bronchial epithelial cell	7 days	HDM-induced asthma	Cell apoptosis ↓. ROS level ↓	Elevated the expression of SIRT1	[63]
		100 mg/kg/days
		Intraperitoneal injection
	Metaphase II oocytes	15 days	Postovulatory oocyte aging	ROS level ↓. MtDNA copy number ↓. Mitochondrial function ↑	Coordinated SIRT1 and AMPK signaling pathways	[64]
		50 mg/kg/day
		Intraperitoneal injection
	Vascular smooth muscle cells	24 hours	Age-related vascular disease	SM2-MHC protein expression ↑. Contractile capacity ↑		[65]
		0-100 μM
		Not given
	Neuroblastoma (N2a) cells	48 hours	Alzheimer	Peroxiredoxins mRNA expression ↑. H2O2 level ↓. ATP level ↑. Lipid peroxidation production ↓	Activated Nrf2	[66]
		5 μM
		Not given
	Human bronchial epithelial cells	24 hours	PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis	Cell death, ROS production, mitochondrial damage ↓ TNFɑ, IL-6, TGFβ1 ↓		[67]
		10 μM
		Not given

Abbreviation: MDA: malondialdehyde; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; CAT: catalase; NOx: nitrogen oxides; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH: glutathione; iNOS: nitric oxide synthase; OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2 deoxyguanosine; DA: dopamine; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; GRP78: glucose-regulated protein 78; PC: protein carbonyl Nox2: NADPH oxidase 2; Nox4: NADPH oxidase 4; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1; SOD2: superoxide dismutase 2; 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; GR: glutathione reductase; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; SM2-MHC: smooth muscle myosin heavy chain; ROS: reactive oxygen species; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; ApoE-KO: apolipoprotein E knockout; GCH1 : GTP cyclohydrolase 1 2-HE: 2-hydroxyethidium; HO-1: heme oxygenase; SAM: senescence-accelerated mice; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; CYP2E1: cytochrome; P450 2E1 AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; ACO: acyl-coenzyme A oxidase; CPT-Ia: carnitine palmitoyltransferase-Ia; PQ: paraquat; TGF: transforming growth factor; ↑: upregulation; ↓: downregulation.