The Scourge of Aflatoxins in Kenya: A 60-Year Review (1960 to 2020)

Table 5

Synopsis of aflatoxins in animal feeds and bovine milk in some Kenyan municipalities (from [89]).

	Source/municipality	% AF positive	>5.0 μg/kg (%)	Mean	Range
Aflatoxin B1 (feed samples)	Urban smallholder dairy farmers
	Nyeri (n = 118)	68.6	49.2	136.0 ± 10.0	4.0–63.0
	Eldoret (n = 108)	98.1	61.1	23.2 ± 23.2	4.2–178.2
	Machakos (n = 99)	94.9	73.3	27.7 ± 74.9	3.6–595.0
	Nakuru (n = 87)	80.5	58.6	17.4 ± 11.1	1.8–58.0
	Feed manufacturers
	Nyeri (n = 14)	100.0	42.9	6.4 ± 4.9	1.9–15.8
	Eldoret (n = 18)	88.9	66.7	13.9 ± 12.8	1.9–49.0
	Machakos (n = 1)	100.0	100.0	43.8 ± 0.0	43.8
	Nakuru (n = 171)	77.8	43.3	26.0 ± 44.5	0.9–280.0
	Nairobi (n = 390)	84.6	56.4	13.0 ± 15.9	0.9–280.0
	Agrochemical shops
	Nyeri (n = 19)	89.5	31.6	8.9 ± 8.5	1.9–28.7
	Eldoret (n = 58)	93.1	72.4	17.0 ± 34.6	1.8–238.0
	Machakos (n = 29)	79.3	43.3	17.6 ± 19.6	2.0–64.4
	Nakuru (n = 69)	84.1	43.5	46.0 ± 8.4	2.0–46.2
Aflatoxin M1 (milk samples)	Urban smallholder dairy farmers
	Nyeri (n = 120)	60.8	3.3	33.8 ± 68.7	5.0–46.0
	Eldoret (n = 107)	68.2	10.3	39.9 ± 39.7	5.4–228.0
	Machakos (n = 99)	82.8	24.2	99.7 ± 168.9	5.1–780.0
	Nakuru (n = 110)	77.3	20.9	83.3 ± 129.3	5.2–550.0
	Medium- and large-scale farmers
	Nyeri (n = 25)	76.0	0.0	20.2 ± 29.0	5.2–50.0
	Eldoret (n = 16)	68.8	12.5	115.6 ± 202.7	5.5–560.0
	Machakos (n = 7)	100.0	50.0	52.2 ± 34.7	10.9–102.5
	Nakuru (n = 27)	89.9	55.6	65.1 ± 36.7	5.3–165.0
	Nairobi (n = 10)	100.0	50.0	99.8 ± 97.3	10.0–245.0
	Marketed milk
	Nyeri (n = 10)	100.0	30.0	129.3 ± 198.8	16.5–600.0
	Eldoret (n = 18)	100.0	22.2	36.4 ± 24.5	5.8–74.0
	Machakos (n = 18)	94.4	16.7	33.1 ± 17.0	11.0–67.0
	Nakuru (n = 19)	100.0	36.8	36.1 ± 22.9	8.0–71.0
	Nairobi (n = 24)	100.0	41.7	64.9 ± 76.4	7.9–300.0

n = number of samples. Means were presented with errors as standard deviations.