Survey on Recent Ulam Stability Results Concerning Derivations

Brzdęk, Janusz; Cădariu, Liviu; Ciepliński, Krzysztof; Fošner, Ajda; Leśniak, Zbigniew

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1235103

Journal of Function Spaces

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Ulam’s Type Stability and Fixed Points Methods 2016

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Volume 2016 | Article ID 1235103 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1235103

Survey on Recent Ulam Stability Results Concerning Derivations

Janusz Brzdęk,¹Liviu Cădariu,²Krzysztof Ciepliński,³Ajda Fošner,⁴and Zbigniew Leśniak¹

Academic Editor: Shanhe Wu

Received05 Apr 2016

Accepted28 Jun 2016

Published08 Aug 2016

Abstract

This is a survey presenting the most significant results concerning approximate (generalized) derivations, motivated by the notions of Ulam and Hyers-Ulam stability. Moreover, the hyperstability and superstability issues connected with derivations are discussed. In the section before the last one we highlight some recent outcomes on stability of conditions defining (generalized) Lie derivations.

1. Introduction

We say that a functional equation is stable if any function , satisfying the equation approximately, is near to an exact solution of . A classical question in the theory of functional equations is under what conditions a functional equation is stable?

This problem was formulated by Ulam in 1940 for group homomorphisms (see [1, 2]). One year later, Ulam’s problem was affirmatively solved by Hyers [3] for the Cauchy functional equation . This gave rise to the stability theory of functional equations. Aoki [4] and Rassias [5] considered mappings from a normed space into a Banach space such that the norm of the Cauchy difference is bounded by the expression for all , some , and . That result was later extended also for real . For a survey on recent progress in that area, we refer to [6].

The terminology Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability indeed has been motivated by [5] and its influence on the research in that area of other mathematicians.

In the last few decades, several stability problems of various functional equations have been investigated by many mathematicians. The reader is referred to monographs [7–9] for a comprehensive account of the subject.

2. Auxiliary Information

Let be a subring of a ring . An additive mapping is called a derivation if Recall that in the case when and are algebras over a field , some authors define derivations as -linear (i.e., linear over the field ) mappings satisfying the above equality.

If is a derivation and is an additive mapping satisfyingthen is called a generalized derivation. In the framework of pure algebra, this concept was first introduced by Brešar [10]. In the context of operator algebras, these mappings first appeared in [11].

Generalized derivations are one of the natural generalizations of ordinary derivations. It is easy to see that generalized derivations are exactly those additive mappings which can be written in the form , where is a derivation and is a left centralizer, that is, additive mapping with the propertyFor results concerning (generalized) derivations, we refer the reader to [12, 13] and references therein.

Singer and Wermer [14] obtained a fundamental result which initiated investigations on the ranges of linear derivations on Banach algebras. The so-called Singer-Wermer theorem states that any continuous linear derivation on a commutative Banach algebra maps into the Jacobson radical. They also made a very insightful conjecture that the assumption of continuity is unnecessary. This conjecture, known as the Singer-Wermer conjecture, was proved in 1988 by Thomas [15]. The Singer-Wermer conjecture implies that any linear derivation on a commutative semisimple Banach algebra is identically zero [16]. More than two decades later, Hatori and Wada [17] proved that the zero operator is the only derivation on a commutative semisimple Banach algebra with the maximal ideal space without isolated points. Based on these facts and a private communication with Watanabe [18], Miura et al. [18] proved the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability and Bourgin-type superstability of derivations on Banach algebras. Here we have to point out that the first superstability result concerning derivations on algebras of bounded linear operators on a real or complex infinite dimensional Banach space was obtained already in 1994 by Šemrl [19] (see Section 3, where superstability of derivations is defined). A notion somewhat stronger than superstability is that of hyperstability; it also will be discussed in this survey.

3. Stability of Derivations

In 1996, the stability of derivations was considered by Jun and Park [20]. Motivated by the study of Johnson [21, 22], who investigated almost multiplicative maps on Banach algebras (see also [23, 24]), Jun and Park proved that there exists a derivation near an almost derivation from a Banach algebra of differentiable functions to a finite dimensional Banach -module (i.e., a Banach space together with a continuous homomorphism , where denotes the algebra of all bounded operators on ). More precisely, they showed the following theorem [20, Theorem ].

Theorem 1. Let be a Banach -module and let . If a mapping is continuous and linear such thatand , then there exist a continuous linear mapping and such thatwhere tends to as tends to .

During the past few years, approximate derivations were studied by a number of mathematicians (see [25–31] and references therein). In the year , Park [28] showed that for an almost derivation on a complex Banach algebra there exists a unique derivation on which is near . From Park’s result we can derive the next theorem.

Theorem 2. Let be a closed subalgebra of a complex Banach algebra and let be a mapping with for which there exists a function such thatfor all and all . Then there exists a unique -linear derivation such that

One can apply this result to -algebras and -algebras as well (see [28]). Analogously, the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of Lie -derivations on Lie -algebras was proved in [29].

Two years after Park’s paper on the stability of derivations was published, Badora [26] investigated approximate derivations on Banach algebras using Hyers’s theorem (see [3] or [7]). We present Badora’s main result [26, Theorem ] in a bit extended form (in [26], , where is a closed subalgebra of a Banach algebra ). A sketch of its proof will be given later in this section.

Theorem 3. Let be a Banach algebra and let be a Banach -bimodule. Suppose that is a mapping satisfyingfor all and some constants . Then there exists a unique derivation such that Moreover, we have

A generalization of Hyers’s theorem given by Isac and Rassias (see [7, 32]) shows that if a function (here, denotes the set of all nonnegative real numbers) satisfies(i),(ii),(iii)and if is a mapping such thatfor some positive constant , then there exist a unique additive mapping and a constant such thatThe classical example of a function fulfilling the above three conditions is a map ,, where . Using this result, we have the following generalization of Theorem 3.

Theorem 4. Let be a Banach algebra and let be a Banach -bimodule. Assume that is a function with properties , , and and fulfills . Suppose that is a mapping satisfyingfor all and some constant . Then there exist a unique derivation and a constant such that

If we want to extend Theorem 4 to the case of , then we can adopt the method presented by Gajda [33] to obtain the above Isac-Rassias result for the function fulfilling),() , ,() ,

After this modification we get the following version of Theorem 4.

Theorem 5. Let be a Banach algebra and let be a Banach -bimodule. Assume that is a function with properties , , and and fulfills . Suppose that is a mapping satisfying (13) for all and some constant . Then there exist a unique derivation and a constant satisfying (14).

In the same year as Badora’s result was presented, Moslehian [34] published a paper which is devoted to the study of the Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of generalized derivations. In the proof of the result presented below [34, Theorem ], to construct a generalized derivation Moslehian applied the direct method, which was first devised by Hyers [3] constructing an additive function from an approximate one. Moreover, the derivation required in the definition of a generalized derivation is also constructed in this way. Let us also point out that the results in [34] are a generalization of those of Park’s papers [28, 29].

Theorem 6. Let be a complex normed algebra with a unit and let be a Banach -bimodule such that for all . Suppose that is a mapping with for which there exist a map and a function such thatfor all and all . Then there exists a unique -linear generalized derivation such that

In the year , Gordji and Moslehian [27] utilized the notion of module extension to reduce the problem of stability of derivations to the problem of stability of homomorphisms (i.e., additive multiplicative mappings) studied by Badora [35]. In the following we give some more details.

Let be a Banach algebra and let be a Banach -bimodule. Then, it is easy to see that is a Banach algebra equipped with the -normand the productHere, the symbol represents the norm on a normed algebra and the norm on a normed -bimodule , and denotes the module multiplication on . The algebra is called a module extension Banach algebra. Furthermore, the projection map is defined by . Similarly, the projection map is defined by . For more information about Banach modules and module extensions, we refer the reader to [36, 37].

Badora’s result [35, Theorem ] implies that if is a mapping satisfyingfor all and some constants , then there exists a unique homomorphism such thatfor all . Furthermore,for all and all in the algebra generated by .

Now, suppose that satisfies the assumptions of Theorem 3 and let be a mapping defined byThen, it is easy to see thatand similarly for all . Thus, it follows that there exists a unique homomorphism such that for all . Furthermore,for all and all in the algebra generated by . Now, if we put , then we can show that satisfies all the requirements in Theorem 3. Similarly, Fošner and Moslehian [38] reduced the problem of stability of generalized derivations to the stability of homomorphisms using the module extension as a trick.

4. Hyperstability and Superstability of Derivations

The investigation of the multiplicative and exponential Cauchy functional equations (see [39]; for recent extensions we refer to [40]) highlighted a new phenomenon, which is nowadays called superstability (see, e.g., [41]). In this case the so-called stability inequality implies that the observed function is either bounded or it is a solution of the functional equation. But it can also happen that each function , satisfying the functional equation approximately, must actually be a solution of the proposed equation . In this case we say that the functional equation is hyperstable. According to our best knowledge, the first hyperstability result was published in [42] and concerned with homomorphisms. However, the term hyperstability has been used for the first time probably in [43] (see also [44, 45]). For more information about the new results on hyperstability and superstability, we refer the reader to review articles [46, 47].

As we are aware, the hyperstability result concerning derivations was first obtained by Šemrl in [19] (actually, it has been named there a superstability result).

Theorem 7. Let be the algebra of all bounded linear operators on a real or complex infinite dimensional Banach space and let be a standard operator algebra on . Assume that is a function with the propertySuppose that is a mapping satisfying Then, is a linear derivation. More precisely, there exists such thatfor all (i.e., is an inner derivation).

Generally the above hyperstability result is not true. Namely, let be the algebra of all real matrices and

Suppose that is a mapping given by the formulaThen,for all . Therefore, satisfies assumptions of Theorem 7 with a constant function but is not a derivation (see also [26]). But, since is bounded, this does not exclude the superstability phenomenon in this case.

In [26, Corollary , Theorem ], Badora studied superstability of additive derivations on unital Banach algebras. The following theorem is a generalization of Badora’s result.

Theorem 8. Let be a Banach algebra with a unit and let be a Banach -bimodule such that for all . Suppose that is a mapping satisfying for all and some constants . Then is a derivation.

As in the previous section of our paper, we can generalize Theorem 8 replacing constants and by functions fulfilling corresponding conditions.

Next, Moslehian [34] proved the hyperstability result for generalized derivations. More precisely, Moslehian studied approximate generalized derivations on unital Banach algebras in the following way [34, Theorem ].

Theorem 9. Let be a complex Banach algebra with a unit . Suppose that is a mapping with for which there exist a map and a constant such that for all and all . Then, is a -linear generalized derivation and is a -linear derivation.

Later, Gordji and Moslehian [27, Corollary , Corollary ] presented two superstability results concerning derivations as direct consequences of the main result of the paper [27] (i.e., Theorem ). Similarly, Fošner and Moslehian [38, Corollary ] proved a hyperstability result concerning generalized derivations.

Theorem 10. Let be a Banach algebra and let be a Banach -bimodule without order. Suppose that are mappings satisfyingfor all and some constants . Then, is a generalized derivation and is a derivation.

So, if is a Banach algebra with an approximate unit and mappings satisfying the above conditions for all and some constants , then is a generalized derivation and is a derivation. Namely, every Banach algebra with an approximate unit, as a Banach bimodule over itself, is without order.

The superstability and hyperstability properties of mappings in various classes, related to derivations and generalized derivations, were widely studied by several mathematicians. An interested reader can find more information about new results and further references on the topic in [48–55].

We end this section with an example of hyperstability result, which is a simple characterization of derivations, proved in a recent paper by A. Bahyrycz, J. Brzdęk, and M. Piszczek “Approximately -Wright Affine functions, Inner Product Spaces, and Derivations” to appear in Fixed Point Theory. To this end we need to introduce the following three hypotheses.For each there is a set such that and is bounded on the set .There exists such thatThere exists such that

For instance, if a set (with ) has a positive inner Lebesgue measure or contains a subset of the second category and with the Baire property, then (see, e.g., [56]). For related results we refer to [56–58].

Now we can present the above-mentioned result, corresponding to several outcomes in, for example, [20, 52, 59, 60].

Proposition 11. Let , let be a normed algebra over , let be a normed -bimodule, has an element that is not a zero divisor, and . Assume that there exist and such thatwhere . Then, is a derivation. Moreover, if one of hypotheses is valid, then is -linear.

Note that, in the last proposition, the inequality related to the following functional equation of -Wright affine functionshas been used instead of the conditions connected with some kind of stability of the Cauchy equation

5. Lie Derivations

In what follows we assume all the time that is a normed algebra over the field and is a normed -bimodule. For all and , the symbols and denote in the commutators and , respectively. Moreover, we say that an additive mapping is a Lie derivation provided

The next result has been obtained in the already mentioned paper by Bahyrycz, Brzdęk, and Piszczek (to appear in Fixed Point Theory).

Proposition 12. Assume that and there exist , , and such that (38) holds andThen, is a Lie derivation. Moreover, if one of hypotheses is valid, then is linear.

In the remaining part of this section we present some outcomes (the last three corollaries) concerning stability of the generalized Lie derivation from [61], where some useful tools have been provided allowing a systematic study of such issues. To this end we must make some preparations.

First, let us recall that, analogously as in the case of derivations, an additive mapping is called a generalized Lie derivation if there exists an additive mapping such thatFor the sake of precision, given an additive , every additive satisfying (44) will be named a generalized Lie -derivation.

Next, let denote the family of all sets such that each additive function that is bounded on must be continuous. Clearly, if has a nonempty interior, then . This also is true when is of a positive inner Lebesgue measure or has a subset of the second category and with the Baire property (cf. [56]). For more information on and further references concerning the subject, we refer the reader to, for example, [56–58].

Let , , and for . Assume yet that or for . We present a very simple case when is a normed Lie algebra andIn what follows, it is assumed all the time that , , and are defined by (45), and and are mappings satisfying the conditions

Let us yet recall that is an ideal provided and for every . Next, given , we write and .

The theorems read as follows.

Theorem 13. Let be an ideal such thatLet ,, and suppose that one of the following three conditions is valid:(a), is unbounded, , , and ;(b), is unbounded, and for ;(c) for and there exists with and .Then there exist a unique additive mapping and a unique generalized Lie -derivation such thatIf has a bounded subset from , then and are -linear.

Theorem 14. Let and . If there is with , , , , and , then there exist a unique additive mapping and a unique generalized Lie -derivation such that (48) holds andfor all , whereMoreover, if has a subset from , then and are -linear.

Theorem 15. Let , , , , , and suppose that is bounded. Then, there are a unique additive mapping and a unique generalized Lie -derivation such that (48) holds andMoreover, if has a subset from , then and are -linear.

Note that the last two theorems concern some cases that are complementary to those described in (a)–(c).

6. Final Remarks

Besides generalized derivations, there are several other generalizations of the notion of derivations. It seems that they first appeared in the framework of pure algebra (see [62]). Recently they have been treated in the Banach algebra theory as well (see [63]). The stability of those derivations was extensively studied by several authors in, for example, [50, 51, 53, 55, 64–67]. We also refer the readers to two papers of C. G. Park (Nonlinear Funct. Anal. Appl. 10 (2005), 751–776 and J. Lie Theory 15 (2005), 393–414) and a paper of C. G. Park and D. Y. Shin (Korean J. Math. 22 (2014), 139–150), which had to be removed from the references in this paper due to some restrictions of the journal.

For example, a discussion of stability of the so-called -derivations and a study of the so-called generalized -derivations are given in [67] and the above-mentioned paper of C. G. Park and D. Y. Shin, respectively. Approximate higher derivations and approximate generalized higher derivations on a multi-Banach algebras were investigated by Moslehian [53] and Shateri [55], respectively; see also [68, 69] for some stability results concerning the approximate derivations of order . Moreover, Fošner established the generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of (generalized) module left -derivations on a normed algebra into a Banach left -module [50, 51] and the stability of -derivations on a normed algebra into a Banach -bimodule [66] (see also [70] for a classical result in this regard).

For the stability results of ternary derivations, we refer to [52] (see also [30]), where some recent results are discussed. Moreover, using the fixed point method, Moslehian [52] established the generalized Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of ternary derivations, from a normed ternary algebra into a Banach trimodule, associated with the generalized Jensen functional equationswhere are given constants and is an unknown function. Let us point out that a mapping between linear spaces and with satisfies the above generalized Jensen equation if and only if it is additive (cf. [71]).

Finally, let us mention that some other results, which have not been discussed in this paper (but somehow concern stability of derivations), can be found in [31, 72–76].

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Copyright © 2016 Janusz Brzdęk et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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