The Embedding Theorem of an <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-0.06569958pt" id="M1" height="15.3664pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -15.3007 16.1859 15.3664" width="16.1859pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g113-77" d="M541 160L512 170C485 116 462 88 439 67C411 41 376 35 318 35C272 35 238 37 224 48C207 61 205 85 212 121L290 533C305 611 308 615 391 622L397 650H139L133 622C217 615 221 612 206 533L126 118C111 41 103 34 23 26L17 0H474C489 31 528 124 541 160Z"/></g><g transform="matrix(.012,0,0,-0.012,9.484,-7.578)"><path id="g50-49" d="M245 635C92 635 37 457 37 312C37 149 91 -12 244 -12C395 -12 449 166 449 312C449 469 395 635 245 635ZM243 598C332 598 358 454 358 312C358 173 334 26 245 26C158 26 128 174 128 313S152 598 243 598Z"/></g></svg>-Prebarreled Module into Its Random Biconjugate Space

Zhang, Xia; Liu, Ming

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8520797

Journal of Function Spaces

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Abstract Introduction Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2017 | Article ID 8520797 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8520797

The Embedding Theorem of an -Prebarreled Module into Its Random Biconjugate Space

Xia Zhang¹and Ming Liu¹

Academic Editor: Henryk Hudzik

Received09 Dec 2016

Accepted02 Mar 2017

Published30 Apr 2017

Abstract

We first prove Mazur’s lemma in a random locally convex module endowed with the locally -convex topology. Then, we establish the embedding theorem of an -prebarreled random locally convex module, which says that if is an -prebarreled random locally convex module such that has the countable concatenation property, then the canonical embedding mapping of onto is an -linear homeomorphism, where is the strong random biconjugate space of under the locally -convex topology.

1. Introduction

Mazur’s lemma in a locally convex space is a very useful fact in convex analysis. The embedding theorem of a locally convex space into its biconjugate space has played a crucial role in the study of semireflexivity and reflexivity of a locally convex space. The purpose of this paper is to generalize the two basic results from a locally convex space to a random locally convex module.

Based on the idea of randomizing functional space theory, a new approach to random functional analysis was initiated by Guo in [1–3]; in particular, the study of random normed modules and random inner product modules together with their random conjugate spaces was already the central theme in random functional analysis in [2, 3]. Currently, random normed modules, random inner product modules, random locally convex modules, and the theory of random conjugate spaces still occupy a central place in random functional analysis. At the early stage, motivated by the theory of probabilistic metric spaces [4], random normed modules and random locally convex modules used to be endowed with the -topology, which also leads to the theory of random conjugate spaces under the -topology [5, 6]. In 2009, motivated by financial applications, Filipović et al. presented the notion of a locally -convex module while the locally -convex topology for random normed modules and random locally convex modules was also introduced in [7]. Subsequently, Guo established the relations between some basic results derived from the -topology and the locally -convex topology for a random locally convex module in [8]. The -topology is too weak, whereas the locally -convex topology is too strong, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two kinds of topologies often complement each other so that simultaneously considering the two kinds of topologies for a random locally convex module or a random normed module will make random functional analysis deeply developed, which also leads to a series of recent advances in random functional analysis and its applications [9–14].

In 2009, Guo et al. first proved Mazur’s lemma in a random locally convex module endowed with the -topology in [6]. Recently, Zapata [15] studied Mazur’s lemma in a random normed module endowed with the locally -convex topology. This paper will give Mazur’s lemma in the sense of all kinds of random duality, in particular Mazur’s lemma in a random locally convex module endowed with the locally -convex module. The notion of an -prebarreled module is a proper random generalization of that of a barreled space; in particular, a characterization for a random locally convex module to be -prebarreled was established in [10]. Based on [10], this paper will prove an -linear homeomorphically embedding theorem of an -prebarreled random locally convex module into its strong random biconjugate space.

The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 states and proves the main results of this paper.

2. Main Results and Their Proofs

Throughout this paper, denotes a given probability space and the scalar field of real numbers or of complex numbers. Now, we can state the main results of this paper as follows.

Theorem 1. Let be a random locally convex module over with base and an -convex subset of such that has the countable concatenation property. Then, .

Theorem 2. Let be an -prebarreled random locally convex module over with base such that has the countable concatenation property. Then, is -linearly homeomorphically embedded into by the canonical mapping defined by and , where denotes the random conjugate space endowed with its strong locally -convex topology.

For the sake of readers’ convenience and proofs of Theorems 1 and 2, let us first recapitulate some notations and known terminology.

In the sequel, denotes the algebra of equivalence classes of -valued random variables on and the set of equivalence classes of extended real-valued random variables on , where two random variables are equivalent if they are equal almost everywhere (briefly, a.s.).

It is well known from [16] that is an order complete lattice under the partial order: iff for almost all in , where and are arbitrarily chosen representatives of and , respectively; further, and stand for the supremum and infimum of a subset of , respectively. In addition, it is also well known that if is directed upwards (downwards), then there exists a nondecreasing (nonincreasing) sequence in such that . has the largest element and the smallest element, denoted by and , respectively; namely, and stand for the equivalence classes of constant functions with values and on , respectively. Particularly, is order complete as a sublattice of .

Let and and be in ; we say that on ( on ) if (accordingly, ) for almost all , where and are arbitrarily chosen representatives of and , respectively. Similarly, one can understand on and on . In particular, stands for the equivalence class of , where if and 0 if .

This paper always employs the following notation: . . on . Similarly, one can understand and .

Let be a left module over the algebra (briefly, an -module); the module multiplication is simply denoted by for any and . A mapping is called an -seminorm on if it satisfies the following:(1) and .(2).

If, in addition, implies (the null element of ), then is called an -norm on ; at this time, the ordered pair is called a random normed module (briefly, an RN module) over with base .

An ordered pair is called a random locally convex module (briefly, an RLC module) over with base if is an -module and is a family of -seminorms on such that implies . Clearly, when is a singleton consisting of an -norm , an RLC module becomes an RN module , so the notion of an RN module is a special case of that of an RLC module.

Motivated by Schweizer and Sklar’s work on random metric spaces and random normed linear spaces [4], Guo introduced the notions of RN modules and random inner product modules (briefly, RIP modules) in [2, 3]. The importance of RN modules lies in their -module structure which makes RN modules and their random conjugate spaces possess the same nice behaviors as normed spaces and their conjugate spaces. At almost the same time, Haydon et al. also independently introduced the notion of an RN module over the real number field with base being a measure space (called randomly normed -module in terms of [17]) as a tool for the study of ultrapowers of Lebesgue–Bochner function spaces. The notion of an RLC module was first introduced by Guo and deeply developed by Guo and others in [6].

Given an RLC module over with base , we always denote by the family of finite nonempty subsets of . For each , is the -seminorm defined by for all . Now, we can speak of the -topology as follows.

Proposition 3 (see [6]). Let be an RLC module over with base . For any positive numbers and with and for any , let . Then, , and forms the local base at of some Hausdorff linear topology for , called the -topology induced by .

From now on, for any RLC module , we always use for the -topology for induced by . It is clear that the absolute value is an -norm on . induced by is exactly the topology of convergence in probability; namely, a sequence converges in to in if and only if it converges in probability to . It is easy to check that is a metrizable topological algebra for an RLC module over with base . is a topological module over the topological algebra .

In 2009, Filipović et al. introduced another kind of topology for : let belong to and . A subset of is said to be -open if for each there exists some such that . Denote by the family of -open subsets of ; then, is a topological ring; namely, the multiplication and addition operations on are both jointly continuous. Let be an -module and a topology for ; then, the topological space is called a topological -module in [7] if is a topological module over the topological ring , namely, the module operations: the module multiplication operation and addition operation are both jointly continuous. In [7], a topological -module is called a locally -convex module if possesses a local base at whose each element is -convex, -absorbent, and -balanced, at which time is also called a locally -convex topology. Here, a subset of is said to be -convex if for all and such that ; -absorbent if for each there exists some such that for any such that ; and -balanced if for all and all such that . The work in [7] leads directly to the following.

Proposition 4 (see [7]). Let be an RLC module over with base . For any and , let . Then, forms a local base at of some Hausdorff locally -convex topology, which is called the locally -convex topology induced by .

From now on, for an RLC module , we always use for the locally -convex topology induced by . Recently, it is proved independently in [18, 19] that the converse of Proposition 4 is no longer true; namely, not every locally -convex topology is necessarily induced by a family of -seminorms.

For the sake of convenience, this paper needs the following.

Definition 5 (see [8]). Let be an -module and a subset of . is said to have the countable concatenation property if for each sequence in and each countable partition of to there always exists such that for each . If has the countable concatenation property, denotes the countable concatenation hull of , namely, the smallest set containing and having the countable concatenation property.

Remark 6. As pointed out in [8], when is an RLC module, in Definition 5 must be unique, at which time we can write .

In [7], a family of -seminorms on an -module is said to have the countable concatenation property if each -seminorm still belongs to for each countable partition of to and each sequence in . We always denote as a countable partition of to and as a sequence of , called the countable concatenation hull of . Clearly, has the countable concatenation property iff .

In random functional analysis, the notion of random conjugate spaces is crucial, which is defined as follows.

Definition 7 (see [8]). Let be an RLC module over with base . Denote by the -module of continuous module homomorphisms from to , called the random conjugate space of under ; denote by the -module of continuous module homomorphisms from to , called the random conjugate space of under .

From now on, when is understood, we often briefly write for and for . When has the countable concatenation property, it is proved in [8] that . In general, and has the countable concatenation property. Recently, in [12], Guo et al. established the following precise relation between and .

Proposition 8 (see [12]). Let be an RLC module. Then, .

Remark 9. For an RLC module , since and induce the same -topology on , then . Since has the countable concatenation property, ; in fact, Proposition 8 has shown that .

To state and prove the main result of this section, we still need Lemma 10.

Lemma 10 (see [8]). Let be an RLC module with base and such that has the countable concatenation property. Then, , where and stand for the closures of under and , respectively.

Guo et al. started the study of random duality under the -topology in [10]; further, in [10], Guo et al. studied random duality under the locally -convex topology. Let us recall some notions and results used in proofs of the main results in this paper.

Definition 11 (see [5, 10]). Let and be two -modules and an -bilinear functional. Then, is called a random duality pair (briefly, a random duality) over with base if the following conditions are satisfied:
(1) iff (the null in ).
(2) iff (the null in ).

Let be a random duality over with base . For any given defined by is an -seminorm on ; denote by ; then, is a random locally convex module over with base ; the -topology and the locally -convex topology induced by are denoted by and , respectively. In particular, it was proved in [10] that . A subset of is said to be -bounded if is -absorbed by each -neighborhood of the null of ; namely, there exists such that whenever and , which is equivalent to saying that . Denote and is -bounded} by ; for each , the -seminorm is defined by ; then, is a random locally convex module over with base ; the locally -convex topology induced by is denoted by .

Let be a random locally convex module over with base . An -balanced, -absorbent, and -closed -convex set of is an -barrel. is an -barreled module if each -barrel is a -neighborhood of , whereas is an -prebarreled module if each -barrel with the countable concatenation property is a -neighborhood of . Clearly, both and are a random duality pair over with base . Further, let possess the countable concatenation property; then, it is proved in [10] that is -prebarreled iff .

In 2009, Guo et al. proved Mazur’s lemma in a random locally convex module under the -topology, which is stated as follows.

Proposition 12 (see [11]). Let be a random locally convex module over with base and an -convex subset of . Then, .

Now, we can prove Theorem 1.

Proof of Theorem 1. Since has the countable concatenation property, by Lemma 10. Further, by Proposition 12. Since by Proposition 8, it is easy to see that and induce the same -topology on , so that . Applying Lemma 10 to the random locally convex module leads to .
This completes the proof.

Remark 13. In [15], Zapata proved the following result: let be a random normed module and an -convex subset of such that has the relative countable concatenation property; in addition, if possesses the property (sum of any two subsets with the relative countable concatenation property still has the relative countable concatenation property), then . The advantage of Theorem 1 only requires that has the countable concatenation property and is arbitrary, which is convenient to applications. On the other hand, as far as in Theorem 1 is concerned, the conclusion is also directly derived from Guo et al.’s separation theorem between a point and a -closed -convex subset in [12].

Let be a random locally convex module over with base . A subset is -bounded if is -absorbed by each -neighborhood of (namely, there exists such that whenever and ); this is equivalent to saying that for any . Denote is -bounded} by ; for any given , the -seminorm is defined by ; then, is a random locally convex module; the locally -convex topology induced by is called the strong locally -convex topology for ; we use for endowed with this strong locally -convex topology; similarly, stands for endowed with its strong locally -convex topology. For any given , is defined by . Since is a continuous module homomorphism from to for each fixed , also belongs to by an obvious fact that the strong locally -convex topology is stronger than , which shows that the canonical embedding mapping is well defined, and is also injective by the Hahn–Banach theorem established in [8]. For a subset of , the random right polar is defined by ; similarly, the random left polar of a subset of is defined by .

Now, we can prove Theorem 2.

Proof of Theorem 2. Let denote the family of -bounded sets of ; then, forms a local base of . Let denote the family of -bounded sets of ; then, forms a local base of . Since is an -prebarreled random locally convex module such that has the countable concatenation property, by the characterization theorem established by Guo et al. in [10]. It remains to check that .
It is obvious that . As for the reverse inclusion, let be any element in ; then, is a neighborhood of , so -absorbs each -bounded set of the random locally convex module , which implies . To sum up, .
Finally, it is easy to observe that for each , which shows that is an -linear homeomorphism.
This completes the proof.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the NNSF of China (no. 11301380) and the Higher School Science and Technology Development Fund Project in Tianjin (Grant no. 20131003).

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Copyright © 2017 Xia Zhang and Ming Liu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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