Some Properties of Solutions for Some <svg xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="vertical-align:-4.5268pt" id="M1" height="12.3952pt" version="1.1" viewBox="-0.0657574 -7.8684 8.58866 12.3952" width="8.58866pt"><g transform="matrix(.017,0,0,-0.017,0,0)"><path id="g113-114" d="M474 429L457 433C435 440 389 448 367 448C348 448 323 446 309 443C266 434 195 406 148 366C78 307 23 210 23 101C23 35 55 -12 92 -12C118 -12 146 1 196 35C247 70 311 130 346 173H348L281 -148C268 -211 256 -221 208 -229L191 -232L187 -257L433 -245L437 -219L411 -216C357 -210 350 -205 362 -140L427 207C447 315 461 381 474 429ZM387 387C379 337 363 262 355 236C318 180 201 57 142 57C126 57 112 81 112 128C112 205 150 321 220 376C244 395 280 403 312 403C345 403 370 396 387 387Z"/></g></svg>-Difference Equations Containing Painlevé Equation

Zhao, Peng Jun; Xu, Hong Yan

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8318570

Journal of Function Spaces

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Abstract Introduction Conflicts of Interest Authors’ Contributions Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2018 | Article ID 8318570 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8318570

Some Properties of Solutions for Some -Difference Equations Containing Painlevé Equation

Peng Jun Zhao¹and Hong Yan Xu²

Academic Editor: Richard I. Avery

Received04 Jan 2018

Revised07 Mar 2018

Accepted28 Mar 2018

Published07 May 2018

Abstract

The existence and growth of meromorphic solutions for some -difference equations are studied, and some estimates for the exponent of convergence of poles of , , , and are also obtained. Our theorems are improvements and extensions of the previous results.

1. Introduction and Main Results

In 1900, Painlevé [1] first studied the differential equations, which were called differential Painlevé equations later. Moreover, at the beginning of last century, differential Painlevé equations had been an important research subject in the field of the mathematics and physics. They occur in many physical situations, such as plasma physics, statistical mechanics, and nonlinear waves.

In the 1990s, the discrete Painlevé equations had become important and interest research problems (see [2, 3]). For example, let , , and be constants and , it is usual that are called the special discretization of discrete , and is called the special discretization of the discrete .

Of late, with the development of Nevanlinna theory, Chiang and Feng [4] and Halburd and Korhonen [5] established independently those results about the difference analog of the lemma on the logarithmic derivative, and there has been an increasing interest in studying complex difference equations. And there were a number of papers (see [4, 6, 7]) concerning complex difference equations and difference analogs of Nevanlinna theory, by applying the results of Chiang and Feng [4] and Halburd and Korhonen [5]. For example, Halburd and Korhonen [5, 8, 9] used Nevanlinna theory to analyze the following equation:where is rational in and meromorphic in , and we single out the difference of Painlevé and equations such as

In recent, Laine and Yang, Zhang and Korhonen, and Zheng and Chen further investigated the value distribution of -difference operator of meromorphic functions, by utilizing the analog of Logarithmic Derivative Lemma on -difference operators given by Barnett et al. [10]. Moreover, during the last decades, considerable attention has been paid to -difference operators, -difference equations, by replacing the -difference , with of a meromorphic function in some complex difference equations and complex difference operators (see [11–26]).

Throughout this paper, a term “meromorphic” will always mean meromorphic in the complex plane . Hereinafter, we will use some basic results and the standard notations of Nevanlinna theory (see [27–29]). For a meromorphic function , we use , , and to denote the order, the exponent of convergence of zeros, and the exponent of convergence of poles of , respectively, and let be the exponent of convergence of fixed points of , which is defined by

Besides, we use to denote any quantity satisfying for all outside a possible exceptional set of finite logarithmic measure and a meromorphic function is called a small function with respect to if , and we use to denote the field of small functions relative to .

In 2010, Chen and Shon [30] considered the difference Painlevé I equation (4) and obtained the following theorem.

Theorem 1 (see [30, Theorem 4]). Let , , and be constants, where , are not both equal to zero. Then
(i) if , then (4) has no rational solution;
(ii) if , and , then (4) has a nonzero constant solution , where satisfies .
The other rational solution satisfies , where and are relatively prime polynomials and satisfy .

In 2015, the properties of solutions of a certain type of difference equation were further investigated by Li and Huang [31], and some results were obtained as follows.

Theorem 2 (see [31, Theorem 3.1]). Suppose that equation where , admits a finite-order transcendental meromorphic solution . Then
(i) ;
(ii) has no Borel exceptional value;
(iii) if , then the exponent of convergence of fixed points of satisfies .

In the same year, Qi and Yang [32] discussed the following equation:which can be seen as -difference analogs of (4), and obtained some properties of the zeros of , where is a solution of (10) and .

Inspired by the idea of Li and Huang [31] and Qi and Yang [32], our main purpose is further to investigate some properties of meromorphic solutions for some -difference equations which are different from (10) to a certain extent, and the following theorems are obtained.

Theorem 3. Let , and . Ifadmits a zero-order transcendental meromorphic solution , then
(i) has infinitely many poles and zeros, also has infinitely many poles, andand further, if , then each of , , has infinitely many poles, and(ii) if , then has infinitely many fixed points and the exponent of convergence of fixed points of satisfies .

Theorem 4. Let , and , and assume that is a zero-order transcendental meromorphic solution of equationThen
(i) has infinitely many poles and zeros, also has infinitely many poles, andand further, if , then each of has infinitely many poles, and(ii) if , then has infinitely many fixed points and the exponent of convergence of fixed points of satisfies .

Theorem 5. Let , and be identically vanishing simultaneously. And is a zero-order transcendental meromorphic solution of equationThen
(i) has infinitely many poles and zeros, also has infinitely many poles, andand further, if , then each of has infinitely many poles, and(ii) if , then has infinitely many fixed points and the exponent of convergence of fixed points of satisfies .

2. Some Lemmas

Let the logarithmic density of a set be defined by

Definition 6 (see [10]). For , if a polynomial in includes finitely many of its -shifts with meromorphic coefficients in the sense that their Nevanlinna characteristic functions are on a set of logarithmic density 1, then it can be called a -difference polynomial of .

Lemma 7 (see [13, Theorem 2.5]). Let be a transcendental meromorphic solution of order zero of a -difference equation of the form where , , and ) are -difference polynomials such that the total degree in and its -shifts, whereas . Moreover, we assume that contains just one term of maximal total degree in and its -shifts. Thenon a set of logarithmic density 1.

Lemma 8 (see [10, Theorem 2.2]). Let be a nonconstant zero-order meromorphic solution of , where is a -difference polynomial in . If for slowly moving target , then on a set of logarithmic density 1.

Remark 9 (see [10]). Let and be meromorphic functions of zero-order such that on a set of logarithmic density 1. Then is called a slowly moving target or a small function with respect to .

Lemma 10 (see [22, Theorems 1.1 and 1.3]). Let be a nonconstant zero-order meromorphic function and . Then on a set of lower logarithmic density 1.

Lemma 11 (Valiron-Mohon’ko, see [33]). Let be a meromorphic function. Then for all irreducible rational functions in ,with meromorphic coefficients , , the characteristic function of satisfies where and .

Lemma 12 (see [10, Theorem 1.1]). Let be a nonconstant zero-order meromorphic function and . Thenon a set of logarithmic density 1.

3. The Proof of Theorem 3

We first assume that is of zero-order and a transcendental meromorphic solution of (11).

(i) In view of (11), it follows thatHence, we conclude from (28) and Lemma 7 thaton a set of logarithmic density 1. Since is of zero-order, then we can deduce by Lemma 10 thaton a set of lower logarithmic density 1.

Since and , by applying Lemma 11 for (11), we obtainThus, it follows from (29) to (31) thaton a set of logarithmic density 1. Hence, it means that has infinitely many poles and

On the other hand, it yields from (11) thatSince , then . Thus, by Lemma 8, it follows thaton a set of logarithmic density 1. Hence,on a set of logarithmic density 1. Therefore, has infinitely many zeros and .

Next, we will prove that . Let , then (11) can be rewritten as the formThen it follows from (37) thatMoreover, it yields and , where . Substituting them into (38), we concludethat is,From the conditions of Theorem 3, and by Lemma 10, we conclude that is of zero order. Thus, we conclude that , are of zero order and , and , where . Since is of zero order, thenon a set of logarithmic density 1. Thus, we can deduce from (41) thaton a set of logarithmic density 1. Moreover, it follows from (40) and (42) thaton a set of logarithmic density 1; that is,on a set of logarithmic density 1. Then, it means that has infinitely many poles andSince is of zero order, then we conclude from Lemma 10 that Hence, it yields

Thus, by (33) and (47) we conclude that on a set of logarithmic density 1: that is, . Thus, combining this and (48), we conclude that has infinitely many poles and

Next, we prove that

At first, it can be seen that and are mutually prime polynomials in , where . In fact, taking and , it yields . Thus, in view of (11) and Lemma 11, we deduce that is, Hence, by Lemma 12, it yields

Besides, in view of (11), it follows thatand by Lemmas 10 and 11, it yieldsThus, it follows that

Finally, similar to the above argument, we haveThus, we can conclude from (53), (56), and (57) that each of , , has infinitely many poles and

(ii) Set . Then is a zero-order transcendental meromorphic function with and . Substituting into (11), we haveSince , then by Lemma 8, it yieldson a set of logarithmic density 1. By using the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 3(i), we conclude on a set of logarithmic density 1, which implies has infinitely many fixed points and .

Therefore, this completes the proof of Theorem 3.

4. The Proof of Theorem 4

We assume that is a zero-order transcendental meromorphic solution of (14).

(i) In view of (14), it follows thatSince , then it follows thatThus, we can conclude by Lemma 8 that on a set of logarithmic density 1. Hence,on a set of logarithmic density 1. Thus, it means that has infinitely many zeros and .

On the other hand, it follows from (14) thatThen in view of (66) and Lemma 7, we haveAnd by applying Lemma 11 for (14), it yieldsThen, we conclude by Lemma 10 thaton a set of lower logarithmic density 1. Thus, combining (67) and (68), it follows thatHence, has infinitely many poles and

Next, we will prove that . Let ; then (14) can be rewritten as the following form:Then from (72) it follows thatand and . Substituting them into (73), we haveThus, it follows thatwhere Hence, it follows by Lemma 10 and from (75) thatthat is,Therefore, it follows from (78) that has infinitely many poles andSince is of zero-order, by using the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 3, we conclude that has infinitely many poles and

Here, we will prove that

Similarly, let , , and ; then . Hence, it can be seen that and are mutually prime polynomials in . Thus, from (14) and by Lemma 11, it follows that that is, Hence, in view of Lemmas 8 and 12, it yields

Besides, in view of (14), we have and then by Lemma 11, it follows thatThus, by Lemma 10 and the above equalities, it yields

Finally, similar to the above argument, it follows thatThus, in view of (84), (87), and (88), we can deduce that each of , , has infinitely many poles and

(ii) Set . Thus, is a zero-order transcendental meromorphic function with and . Substituting into (14), it follows thatSince , then in view of Lemma 8, it follows thaton a set of logarithmic density 1. By using the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 3(i), it follows thaton a set of logarithmic density 1, which implies that has infinitely many fixed points and .

Therefore, this completes the proof of Theorem 4.

5. The Proof of Theorem 5

We first assume that is a zero-order transcendental meromorphic solution of (17).

(i) In view of (17), it follows thatThus, we conclude from (93) and Lemma 7 thatAnd by Lemma 10 it follows thaton a set of lower logarithmic density 1.

If , then by applying Lemma 11 for (17), it follows thatHence, from (94) to (96), it yields

If and , by using the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 3(i), it follows thatTherefore, from (97) and (98), it means that has infinitely many poles and

Now, we will prove that as follows.

Set , by using the same argument as in Theorem 3(i), it yieldswhereHence, we conclude by Lemma 10 and from (100) thatthat is,Thus, it follows from (103) thatBy using the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 3(i), we can conclude that has infinitely many poles, and

(ii) Let . Thus, is a zero-order transcendental meromorphic function with and . Substituting into (17), it follows thatSince , then it yields by Lemma 8 thaton a set of logarithmic density 1. By using the same argument as in the proof of Theorem 3(i), we have on a set of logarithmic density 1, which implies that has infinitely many fixed points and .

Therefore, this completes the proof of Theorem 5.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest in the manuscript.

Authors’ Contributions

Hong Yan Xu and Peng Jun Zhao completed the main part of this article, and Hong Yan Xu and Peng Jun Zhao corrected the main theorems. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11561033), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province in China (20151BAB201008), and the Foundation of Education Department of Jiangxi (GJJ160914, GJJ170759, GJJ161603, and GJJ170788) of China.

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Copyright

Copyright © 2018 Peng Jun Zhao and Hong Yan Xu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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