On Multivalued Hybrid Contractions with Applications

Alansari, Monairah; Mohammed, Shehu Shagari; Azam, Akbar; Hussain, Nawab

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8401403

Journal of Function Spaces

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Abstract Introduction Preliminaries Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2020 | Article ID 8401403 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8401403

On Multivalued Hybrid Contractions with Applications

Monairah Alansari,¹Shehu Shagari Mohammed,²Akbar Azam,³and Nawab Hussain¹

Guest Editor: Antonio Francisco Roldan Lopez de Hierro

Received11 May 2020

Accepted18 Jun 2020

Published11 Jul 2020

Abstract

Recently, a notion of -hybrid contraction for single-valued mappings in the framework of -metric spaces which unify and improve several significant existing results in the corresponding literature was introduced. This paper presents a multivalued generalization for such contraction. Moreover, one of our obtained results is applied to analyze some solvability conditions of Fredholm-type integral inclusions. Nontrivial examples are also provided to support the assertions of our theorems.

1. Introduction

The Banach contraction principle is the first most well-known, simple, and versatile classical result in fixed point theory with metric space structure. More than a handful of literature embraces applications and generalizations of this principle from different perspectives, for example, by weakening the hypotheses, employing different mappings and various forms of metric spaces. In this context, the work of Rhoades [1] is useful for visiting important modifications of Banach-type contractive definitions. In 1969, Nadler [2] gave a generalization of the Banach contraction principle for multivalued contraction mappings by using the Hausdorff metric and established the first fixed point theorem for multivalued mappings defined on metric space. Since then, a number of generalizations in diverse frames of Nadler’s fixed point result have been investigated by several authors (see, for example, [3–9] and references therein).

The analysis of new spaces and their properties has been an interesting topic among the mathematical research community. In this direction, the notion of -metric spaces is presently thriving. The idea commenced with the work of Bakhtin [10] and Bourbaki [11]. Thereafter, Czerwik [12] gave a postulate which is weaker than the classical triangle inequality and formally established a -metric space with a view of improving the Banach fixed point theorem. Meanwhile, the notion of -metric spaces is gaining enormous generalizations (see, for example, [8, 13–15]). For a recent short survey on basic concepts and results in fixed point theory in the framework of -metric spaces, we refer the interested reader to Karapinar [16]. On similar development, one of the active branches of fixed point theory that is also currently drawing the attentions of researchers is the study of hybrid contractions. The concept has been viewed in two directions; viz., first, hybrid contraction deals with contractions involving both single-valued and multivalued mappings, and the second merges linear and nonlinear contractions. Recently, Karapinar and Fulga [17] introduced a new notion of -hybrid contraction in the frame of -metric space and studied the existence and uniqueness of fixed points for such contraction. Their ideas merged several existing results in the corresponding literature. Interestingly, hybrid fixed point theory has potential applications in functional inclusions, optimization theory, fractal graphics, discrete dynamics for set-valued operators, and other areas of nonlinear functional analysis. For some work on this line, the reader may consult [17–21].

Integral inclusions arise in several problems in mathematical physics, control theory, critical point theory for nonsmooth energy functionals, differential variational inequalities, fuzzy set arithmetic, traffic theory, etc. (see, for instance, [22–24]). Usually, the first most concerned problem in the study of integral inclusions is the conditions for existence of its solutions. In this direction, several authors have applied different fixed point approaches and topological methods to obtain existence results of integral inclusions in abstract spaces (see, for example, Appell et al. [22], Cardinali and Papageorgiou [24], Kannan and O’Regan [25], Pathak et al. [9], Sintamarian [26], and the references therein). Most of the results established in the above papers are based on the multivalued analogs of the Banach, Leray-Schauder, Matelli, Schauder, and Sadovskii-type fixed point theorems. In addition, the ambient space of the existence theorems is either a Banach space or classical metric space.

Following the above development, we define in this paper the idea of -hybrid multivalued contraction on a -metric space and analyze conditions for existence of fixed points for such contraction. A nontrivial example which supports the hypotheses of our results is provided. Thereafter, a few significant particular cases are deduced which include the recent results of Karapinar and Fulga [17] and many others. Furthermore, one of our results is applied to investigate sufficient conditions for existence of solutions to an integral inclusion of Fredholm type. The latter concept is adapted from Sintamarian [26]. However, our technique, being obtained through a -hybrid multivalued contraction in the setting of -metric spaces, leads to a new existence principle which extends and complements the existing literature.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we collect some important notations, useful definitions, and basic results coherent with the literature. Throughout this paper, we denote by , , and the sets of natural numbers, nonnegative real numbers, and real numbers, respectively. These preliminary concepts are recorded from [2, 12, 17].

In 1993, Czerwik [12] introduced the notion of a -metric space as follows.

Definition 1 (see [12]). Let be a nonempty set and be a constant. Suppose that the mapping satisfies the following conditions for all : (i) if and only if (self-distancy)(ii) (symmetry)(iii) (weighted triangle inequality)Then, the tripled is called a -metric space.
It is noteworthy that every metric is a -metric with the parameter . Also, in general, a -metric is not a continuous functional. Hence, the class of -metric is larger than the class of classical metric.

Example 1 (see [27]). Let with , where Define as where and . Then, is a -metric with parameter and hence, is a -metric space.

Example 2 (see [28]). Let and be defined by Then, is a -metric space with parameter , but is not a continuous functional.

Definition 2 (see [29]). Let be a -metric space. A sequence is said to be (i)convergent if and only if there exists such that as , and we write this as (ii)Cauchy if and only if as (iii)complete if every Cauchy sequence in is convergentIn a -metric space, the limit of a sequence is not always unique. However, if a -metric is continuous, then every convergent sequence has a unique limit.

Definition 3 (see [29]). Let be a -metric space. Then, a subset of is called (i)compact if and only if for every sequence of elements of , there exists a subsequence that converges to an element of (ii)closed if and only if for every sequence of elements of that converges to an element , we have

Definition 4 (see [25]). A nonempty subset of is called proximal if, for each , there exists such that .
Throughput this paper, we shall denote by , , , and , the set of all nonempty closed and bounded subsets of , the family of all nonempty proximal subsets of , the set of all bounded proximal subsets of , and the class of nonempty compact subsets of , respectively.
Let be a -metric space. For , the function , defined by is called Hausdorff-Pompeiu -metric on induced by the -metric , where

Definition 5. Let be a metric space, and denotes the family of nonempty subsets of . A set-valued mapping is called a multivalued map. A point is said to be a fixed point of if .

Remark 6. Since every compact set is proximal and every proximal set is closed (see [25]), we have the inclusions

Definition 7 (see [17, 30]). A nondecreasing function is called (i)a -comparison function if as for every (ii)a -comparison function if there exist , and a convergent nonnegative series such that , for and any , where denotes the iterate of Denote by the family of functions satisfying the following conditions: (i) is a -comparison function(ii) if and only if (iii) is continuous

Remark 8 (see [17]). A -comparison function is a -comparison function when . Moreover, it can be shown that a -comparison function is a comparison function, but the converse is not always true. For further properties of comparison function, see [31].

Lemma 9 (see [30]). For a comparison function , the following properties hold: (i)Each iterate , is also a comparison function(ii) for all

Lemma 10 (see [30]). Let be a -comparison function. Then, the series converges for every .

Remark 11 (see [17]). In Lemma 10, every -comparison function is a comparison function and thus, in Lemma 9, every -comparison function satisfies .

Lemma 12 (see [32]). Let be a -metric space. For and , the following conditions hold: (i), for any (ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(vi)

3. Main Results

We start this section by inaugurating the following definition of -hybrid multivalued contraction.

Definition 13. Let be a -metric space and be multivalued maps. Then, the pair is said to form a -hybrid multivalued contraction, if for all , we have where , , and , with and where

Our main result runs as follows.

Theorem 14. Let be a complete -metric space and be multivalued maps. Suppose that for each , and are nonempty bounded proximal subsets of . If the pair forms a -hybrid multivalued contraction, then and have a common fixed point in .

Proof. Let , then, by hypotheses, . Choose such that . Similarly, , by assumption. So, we can find such that by proximality of , . Continuing in this fashion, we generate a sequence of elements of such that By Lemma 12 and the above relations, we obtain Suppose that , for some and . Then, from (9), we have

Therefore, using Lemma 9, we have a contradiction. It follows that for all ,

So, turns out to be the common fixed point of and .

Again, for and , for some , we get , for all . Therefore, by property (ii) of , one obtains , for all , from which, on similar arguments as above, the same conclusion follows that . Hereafter, we presume that for all , if and only if .

Now, in view of (9), setting and , we have

That is,

Now, we consider the following two cases.

Case 1. . Suppose that , then from (16), we have Hence, from (7) and (17), we have Since is a -comparison function, therefore, (18) implies that which is a contradiction. Consequently, it follows that . Thus, from (18), we obtain Setting in (20) yields From (21), by triangle inequality on , for all , we have Letting in (22) and applying Lemma 10, we find that . Therefore, is a Cauchy sequence of points of . The completeness of this space implies that there exists such that Now, we show that is the expected common fixed point of and . First, assume that so that . Then, by Lemma 12 and the case in the contractive inequality (7), we have Letting in (24) and using the properties of give and as , Notice that taking in (26) yields a contradiction. Thus, , which further implies that . On similar steps, by assuming that is not a fixed point of and considering we can show that . Consequently, for , there exists such that .

Case 2. . Using the inequality (16) on account of -comparison of , we have Assume that ; then, (28) gives a contradiction. Therefore, Using (28) and (30), we obtain Notice that (31) is equivalent to (21). So, on similar steps, we deduce that the sequence is Cauchy in . Thus, the completeness of this space guarantees that as , for some .
To see that is a common fixed point of and , we apply Lemma 12 and inequality (7) as follows: where
(33)(70)
We see that . Hence, under this limiting case, (33) becomes By condition (ii) of , (33) implies that . Therefore, . On similar steps, we can show that . Consequently, and have a common fixed point .

Corollary 15. Let be a complete -metric space and be a multivalued map. Suppose that for each , is a nonempty bounded proximal subset of . If for all , the following conditions are satisfied: where , , and , with and where then, there exists such that .

Proof. Put in Theorem 14.

The following example is provided to support the hypotheses of Theorem 14 for .

Example 3. Let and , for all . Then, is a complete -metric space. Note that is not a metric space, since for , and , we have Define a multivalued map by

Let , for all . Clearly, . Now, we verify inequality (7) as follows: For and with , consider the following cases.

Case 1. and . For this, we have ; ; and . Define as Take and ; then, (39) becomes Letting in (40), we have Therefore,

Case 2. For and , we have and ; ; and . Define as Take and ; then, Thus, . Consequently, for all and with , we have Now, we check the case for and . Obviously, , and

Hence, all the hypotheses of Theorem 14 are satisfied with . We can see that the set of all fixed points of is given by .

Corollary 16. Let be a complete -metric space and be a multivalued map. Suppose that for each , is a nonempty bounded proximal subsets of . If for all , where and then, there exists such that .

Proof. Take , , and in Theorem 14.

Corollary 17. Let be a complete -metric space and be multivalued maps. Suppose that for each , and are nonempty bounded proximal subsets of . If there exists such that then and have a common fixed point in .

Proof. Take and for all and in Theorem 14.

Corollary 18. Let be a complete -metric space and be a multivalued map. Suppose that for each , is a nonempty bounded proximal subset of . If there exists such that then, there exists such that .

Proof. Put , , , and , , in Theorem 14.

In the following corollary, as an application of Corollary 15, we deduce the main result of Karapinar and Fulga [17] without using the continuity of the considered single-valued mapping.

Corollary 19. (see [17], Theorem 1). Let be a complete -metric space and be a single-valued mapping. If for all , where and , , , with and where Then, there exists such that .

Proof. We know that for every . Consider a mapping defined as . Then, all the conditions of Corollary 15 reduce to the conditions of Corollary 19 with and , for all . Thus, by application of Corollary 15, there exists such that . The definition of implies that . Consequently, .

Proof. Alternative proof of Corollary 19.
Let be the single-valued mapping in Corollary 19; then, define a multivalued mapping by , for all . Clearly, . Consequently, Corollary 15 can be applied to find such that , which further implies that .

Remark 20. It is clear that if we take in all the above results, we can deduce their analogs in the setting of metric spaces.

4. Application to Fredholm Integral Inclusions

In this section, we apply one of the results in the previous section to study some sufficient conditions for existence of solutions of a Fredholm Integral inclusion. For basic concepts of integral inclusions, we refer the interested reader to [22, 23, 25] and references therein.

Consider the following integral inclusion of Fredholm type: for , where is an unknown function, is a given real-valued function, and is a given multivalued map, where we denote the family of nonempty compact and convex subsets of by . The set of all real-valued continuous functions on shall be represented by .

Now, we study the existence of solutions of (55) under the following assumptions.

Theorem 21. Suppose that
(C₁): the multivalued map is such that for every , the map is lower semicontinuous.
(C₂): there exists a -comparison function such that for all , for each and , where and for some constants .

Then, the integral inclusion (55) has at least one solution in .

Proof. Let and be defined by Then, is a complete -metric space with the parameter . Note that endowed with this metric is not a metric space. Let be a multivalued map defined as

Obviously, the set of solutions of (55) coincides with the set of fixed points of . Therefore, we have to show that under the given suppositions, has at least one fixed point in . For this, we shall verify that all the hypotheses of Corollary 16 are satisfied.

Let be arbitrary. Since the multivalued map is lower semicontinuous, it follows from Michael’s selection theorem ([33], Theorem 1]) that there exists a continuous map such that , for each . Therefore, . So, is nonempty. One can easily see that is a closed subset of . Further, since and is continuous on , their range sets are compact. Hence, .

Take ; then and are nonempty bounded proximal subsets of . Let be arbitrary such that

This means for each , there exists such that

Since from (C₂), for each and all constants , so, there exists such that

for all .

Now, consider the multivalued map defined by

Taking into account the fact that from (C₁), is lower semicontinuous, therefore, there exists a continuous map such that , for all . Then,

Thus, , and

Therefore, ; that is,

Setting and in the above inequation gives and . Thus, all the hypotheses of Corollary 16 are satisfied. It follows that the integral inclusion (55) has at least one solution in .

Example 4. Let be defined by By taking and , for all , then all the conditions of Theorem 21 are satisfied. Therefore, there exists at least one solution to the Fredholm integral inclusion:

5. Conclusion

It is well-known that in some abstract spaces, the triangle inequality does not hold. But, by multiplying the constant on the right-hand side of the triangle inequality, one can obtain a more useful abstract structure, now called a -metric space in the literature. Following this improvement, in this work, an idea of -hybrid multivalued contraction using the Hausdorff distance function is introduced in the setting of -metric spaces. The established concept herein merges several results in one theorem. A few of these particular cases are stated. Thereafter, existence conditions for solutions of an integral inclusion of Fredholm type are discussed by applying one of the presented results herein.

While the presented results in this paper are theoretical, it is noteworthy that Hausdorff metric has numerous and useful applications in everyday life. For example, in computer vision, the Hausdorff distance can be applied to locate a given template in an arbitrary target image. The template and image are often preprocessed through an edge detector giving a binary image. Next, each one (activated) point in the binary image of the template is treated as a point in a set, the structure of the template. Similarly, an area of the binary target image is treated as a set of points. The algorithm then tries to minimize the Hausdorff distance between the template and some areas of the target image. The area in the target image with the minimal Hausdorff distance to the template can be taken as the best candidate for locating the template in the target. Moreover, in computer graphics, the Hausdorff metric is employed to measure the difference between two distinct representations of the same 3D objects, particularly when generating level of detail for efficient display of complex 3D models. For more applications of Hausdorff distance, see [34–36] and the references therein.

Data Availability

No data were used to support this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgments

This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, under grant no. KEP-66-130-38. The authors, therefore, acknowledge with thanks DSR’s technical and financial support.

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Copyright © 2020 Monairah Alansari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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