Fixed Point Results for Rational Orbitally ()-Contractions with an Application

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to define a rational orbitally ()-contraction and prove some new results in the context of -metric spaces. Our results extend, generalize, and unify some known results in the literature. As application of our main result, we investigate the solution of Fredholm integral inclusion. We also provide an example to substantiate the advantage and usefulness of obtained results.

1. Introduction

The fixed point theory is a very essential tool for nonlinear analysis of solvability of nonlinear integral equations and others. A suitable selection of a generalized and extended metric space allows to get nontrivial conditions guaranteeing the existence of solutions for a considered equation. Therefore, it is necessary to flourish the fixed point theory in various generalization of metric spaces. One of the famous extensions of metric space is the notion of -metric space which has been given by Bakhtin [1] in 1989. It was properly defined by Czerwik [2] with the aspect of relaxing triangle inequality in metric spaces in 1993 and proved famous Banach Contraction Principle in this generalized metric space. Khamsi and Hussain [3] discussed the topology of -metric space and established fixed point results for KKM mappings in metric type spaces. Van An et al. [4] proved the Stone-type theorem on -metric spaces and obtained a sufficient condition for a -metric space to be metrizable. On the other, Czerwik [5, 6] introduced set-valued mappings in -metric spaces and generalized Nadler’s fixed point theorem. In 2012, Aydi et al. [7, 8] gave fixed point and common fixed point theorems for set-valued quasicontraction mappings and set-valued weak -contraction mappings in the setting of -metric spaces, respectively. Many authors followed the concept of -metric space and established impressive results [9–19].

In 2012, Jleli and Samet [20] introduced a new type of contraction named as -contraction and obtained a fixed point result to generalize the celebrated Banach Contraction Principle in Branciari metric spaces. Ali et al. [21] defined multivalued Suzuki-type -contractions and obtained some generalized fixed point results. Afterwards, Jleli et al. [22] established a new fixed point theorem for -contraction in the setting of Branciari metric spaces and extended the main result of Jleli and Samet [20]. Recently, Alamri et al. [23] adapted Jleli’s approach to the -metric space and obtained some generalized fixed point results. For more details in the direction of -contractions, we refer the reader to [21–30].

In this paper, we define the notion of the rational ()-contraction in -metric spaces and explore the existence of solutions for certain integral problems of Fredholm type as applications of our main results. We obtain our results by using fixed point theorems for multivalued mappings, under new contractive conditions, in the setting of complete -metric spaces. Evidently, the given results generalized some notable results of the literature to -metric spaces.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we give some fundamental notations, definitions, and lemmas which will be used throughout the paper. Throughout this paper, we denote the set of positive integers and the set of all nonnegative real numbers.

Czerwik [2] gave the notion of the -metric space as follows.

Definition 1 (see [2]). Let be a nonempty set and . A function : is called a -metric if these assertions hold: for all ,
(B1)
(B2)
(B3)
The triple is called a -metric space.

Now, we give an elementary example of a -metric space, but it is not a metric space as follows.

Example 2 (see [2]). Let and be a mapping defined by Then, is a -metric space which is not a metric space.

A brief but short history for multivalued mappings defined in is given in this way

Let be the family of all bounded and closed subsets of For any we define with

Here, we provide some useful properties of and (see [2, 5, 6]): (1)If and then (2)(3) for any (4)(5)

Moreover, we will always suppose that (6)the function is continuous in its variables

Now, we present the concepts of orbit and orbital continuity of a mapping in the setting of which are generalization and extensions of the same notions for metric spaces given in [31, 32].

Definition 3. Let . (1)An orbit of at is any sequence such that for each (2)If, for any , there exists in such that and for each then for each is said to be an orbit of at (3) is said to be -orbitally complete if any Cauchy subsequence of converges in . Specifically, for , is said to be -orbitally complete(4) is said to be orbitally continuous at if, for any for each and as gives that as (5)A graph of is constructed as follows:

We need the following property of in our proof:

(G_p) is said to be -orbitally closed if, for any sequence in , we get whenever and

In 2012, Jleli and Samet [20] gave the notion of -contractions and proved a contemporary fixed point theorem for these contractions in generalized metric spaces. Motivate by Jleli and Samet [20], Alamri et al. [23] present the following definition.

Definition 4 (see [23]). Let denote the family of all mappings which satisfy these conditions:
() is nondecreasing
()For any ,
()There exist and such that
()For such that for each and some 0< then for each

They provided the following example.

Example 5. Let be a mapping given by . Clearly, satisfies the conditions ()-(). Here, we show only the condition (). Suppose that, for each and some we have This implies that i.e., This implies that It follows that and is nondecreasing, and so, and implies Therefore, (7) implies that and hence, the condition () holds.

3. Main Results

In this way, we define the notion of rational ()-contraction.

Definition 6. Let be a -metric space. A mapping is called a rational ()-contraction if 0< and such that with where

If (9) holds for all for some , then is called a rational orbitally ()-contraction.

Theorem 7. Let be a -metric space such that is a continuous functional and be a rational orbitally ()-contraction. If the following conditions hold: (a) is -orbitally complete for some (b) is continuous and is closed, or the property (Gp) holds, then there exists such that

Proof. For any we generate a sequence in as for each
If there exists for which , then is a fixed point of , and so, the proof is completed. Thus, assume that, for each So, we have and for each Then, it follows from (9) with and that where Since it follows from (11) that Assume that for some . Then, from (14), we get which is a contradiction with (). Hence, we have and consequently, It follows from (17) and () that Let us represent for Then, for all . Thus, we have Taking in (19), we get which implies that by (). By (), and such that Assume that For this case, let So, such that which implies that Then, we have where
Now, assume that Let . So, such that which implies that where Thus, in all cases, there exist and such that Hence, by (19) and (28), we get Taking in (29), we have and hence, , which yields that is convergent. Thus, is a Cauchy sequence in Since is -orbitally complete, there exists such that Suppose that is closed. We notice that if such that for each Since is closed and we conclude that , and so, the proof is finished. Hence, we suppose that there exists so that for each with . This implies that for each Then, it follows from (9) with and that where Using the continuity of and , so applying the limit of (32) as we get which is impossible from and By the condition (), we get Since is closed, thus we get . Assume that is -orbitally closed. Since and , we get . Hence, This completes the proof.☐

If for any in Theorem 7, we get following result.

Corollary 8. Let be a -metric space such that is a continuous functional and be a mapping satisfying the following condition: for some 0< and , for all with where for all . Assume that is -orbitally complete for some . If is closed, for all or the property (Gp) holds, then such that .

Example 9. Let . The -metric is defined by with coefficient Define given by If then Let and Then, , and , Take , and Then,

Thus, all conditions of Theorem 7 are satisfied and is the required point.

The family contains a wide set of functions; that is, if we take where and , then we can obtain the following corollary from Theorem 7.

Corollary 10. Let be a -metric space such that is a continuous functional. Assume that be a mapping such that for some and, with where for all . Suppose that is -orbitally complete for some . If is closed for all or the property (Gp) holds, then there exists such that .

If we replace self-mapping on the place of multivalued mapping in Theorem 7, we can get following results as consequences.

Corollary 11. Let be a -metric space such that is a continuous functional and be a mapping such that is -orbitally complete at some . Assume that there exist , and such that for all with where If is continuous, then there exists such that .

4. Applications

In this section, we solve the Fredholm integral inclusion: given in the start of this paper.

Let on be given by

Then, is a complete -metric space.

Assume that for these conditions hold: (a) is continuous(b) such that and where and (c) such that

Theorem 12. Under the conditions (a)–(c), the integral inclusion given in (46) has a solution in .

Proof. Let Define -metric as in (47) and a multivalued mapping by Let . For a mapping , there exists such that Then, Hence, Since is continuous and , the ranges of both functions are bounded. This shows that is also bounded.
Now, we show that (9) holds for any on with some , and , i.e., for all . Let be such that It follows that such that Now, for all , it follows from (b) that It follows that such that Now, we show the function by Thus, by (a), is lower semicontinuous; this implies that there exists such that Then, satisfies which implies that and Thus, we get Taking the exponential on both sides, we have Taking the function , it follows that (18) is fulfilled. Therefore, by Theorem 7, we show that the integral inclusion (46) has a solution. This completes the proof.☐

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we have defined a rational ()-contraction and established some fixed point results in -metric spaces. In this way, we generalized some known results of literature. We also discussed the solution of Fredholm integral inclusion as application of our obtained result. We expect that the results given in this article will make new directions for those who are working in the theory of fixed points.

In this direction, our future work will pivot on studying the fixed points of fuzzy mappings and -fuzzy mappings for -contractions in -metric spaces, with fractional differential inclusion problems as applications.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are included within the article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ Contributions

All authors contributed equally and significantly in writing this paper. All authors read and approved the final paper.

Acknowledgments

The research is supported by the Research project of basic scientific research business expenses of provincial colleges and universities in Hebei Province: 2021QNJS11, by the Innovation and improvement project of academic team of Hebei University of Architecture (Mathematics and Applied Mathematics) No. TD202006, and by The Major Project of Education Department of Hebei Province (No. ZD2021039).