DoE Method for Operating Parameter Optimization of a Dual-Fuel BioEthanol/Diesel Light Duty Engine

<table class="table-group" id="tab7"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td align="center" colspan="4">Fractional factorial design</td></tr><tr class="thead"><td align="left">Factor</td><td align="center"><span style="width: 9.65971ptpx;"><svg height="9.04777pt" id="M66" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 9.65971 9.04777" width="9.65971pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M686 28C612 35 607 44 591 112C563 234 541 360 519 489L489 666L457 658L147 121C100 40 89 36 24 28L17 0H240L250 28C168 34 159 41 190 101L262 237H482C495 180 503 137 510 91C517 47 514 35 441 28L433 0H677L686 28ZM475 280H285L429 541H431L475 280Z" id="g113-66"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="703" vert-adv-y="703"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 8.27261ptpx;"><svg height="9.04777pt" id="M67" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 8.27261 9.04777" width="8.27261pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M578 512C578 619 494 650 387 650H140L134 622C219 615 223 609 210 542L127 119C112 40 104 34 23 28L17 0H235C317 0 387 7 444 33C515 65 564 122 564 195C564 289 495 335 412 352V354C505 373 578 422 578 512ZM486 510C486 422 423 367 314 367H257L294 565C299 591 305 602 315 608C324 614 339 617 362 617C421 617 486 595 486 510ZM466 200C466 100 393 35 296 35C222 35 198 51 212 127L250 333H303C388 333 466 303 466 200Z" id="g113-67"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="601" vert-adv-y="601"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 9.18375ptpx;"><svg height="9.21094pt" id="M68" style="vertical-align:-0.2129908pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.99795 9.18375 9.21094" width="9.18375pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M645 631C614 643 545 666 457 666C215 666 23 519 23 283C23 90 158 -16 337 -16C412 -16 489 2 522 10C543 39 590 127 606 167L580 181C519 89 459 18 348 18C201 18 122 136 122 287C122 464 244 632 435 632C544 632 602 595 608 472L639 475C643 526 645 581 645 631Z" id="g113-68"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="668" vert-adv-y="668"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Test 1</td><td align="center"><span style="width: 14.6097ptpx;"><svg height="9.06134pt" id="M69" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 14.6097 9.06134" width="14.6097pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z" id="g117-33"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,7.953,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 14.6097ptpx;"><svg height="9.06134pt" id="M70" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 14.6097 9.06134" width="14.6097pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z" id="g117-33"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,7.953,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><b>1</b></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Test 2</td><td align="center"><span style="width: 14.6097ptpx;"><svg height="9.06134pt" id="M71" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 14.6097 9.06134" width="14.6097pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z" id="g117-33"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,7.953,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 6.62714ptpx;"><svg height="8.74858pt" id="M72" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 6.62714 8.74858" width="6.62714pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 14.8817ptpx;"><svg height="8.96615pt" id="M73" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.60357 14.8817 8.96615" width="14.8817pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z" id="g117-33"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,7.953,0)"><path d="M409 0V34C329 39 322 56 322 125V635C234 611 160 593 94 583V554L145 551C186 547 190 541 190 488V125C190 54 181 39 102 34V0H409Z" id="g13-47"></path><glyph.data ascent="1024" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="500" vert-adv-y="500"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Test 3</td><td align="center"><span style="width: 6.62714ptpx;"><svg height="8.74858pt" id="M74" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 6.62714 8.74858" width="6.62714pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 14.6097ptpx;"><svg height="9.06134pt" id="M75" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 14.6097 9.06134" width="14.6097pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z" id="g117-33"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,7.953,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 14.8817ptpx;"><svg height="8.96615pt" id="M76" style="vertical-align:-0.3625803pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.60357 14.8817 8.96615" width="14.8817pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M535 230V280H52V230H535Z" id="g117-33"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="587" vert-adv-y="587"></glyph.data></g><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,7.953,0)"><path d="M409 0V34C329 39 322 56 322 125V635C234 611 160 593 94 583V554L145 551C186 547 190 541 190 488V125C190 54 181 39 102 34V0H409Z" id="g13-47"></path><glyph.data ascent="1024" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="500" vert-adv-y="500"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Test 4</td><td align="center"><span style="width: 6.62714ptpx;"><svg height="8.74858pt" id="M77" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 6.62714 8.74858" width="6.62714pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 6.62714ptpx;"><svg height="8.74858pt" id="M78" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.69876 6.62714 8.74858" width="6.62714pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path><glyph.data ascent="3473" descent="-2876" horiz-adv-x="480" vert-adv-y="480"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td><td align="center"><span style="width: 6.89913ptpx;"><svg height="8.65339pt" id="M79" style="vertical-align:-0.04981995pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.60357 6.89913 8.65339" width="6.89913pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.0135,0,0,-0.0135,0,0)"><path d="M409 0V34C329 39 322 56 322 125V635C234 611 160 593 94 583V554L145 551C186 547 190 541 190 488V125C190 54 181 39 102 34V0H409Z" id="g13-47"></path><glyph.data ascent="1024" descent="-360" horiz-adv-x="500" vert-adv-y="500"></glyph.data></g></svg></span></td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="4"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

Journal of Fuels

tab7

Table 7

Table 7: DoE Method for Operating Parameter Optimization of a Dual-Fuel BioEthanol/Diesel Light Duty Engine 