Opto-Physiological Modeling Applied to Photoplethysmographic Cardiovascular Assessment

Hu, Sijung; Azorin-Peris, Vicente; Zheng, Jia

doi:https://doi.org/10.1260/2040-2295.4.4.505

Journal of Healthcare Engineering

On this page

Abstract References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 4 | Article ID 705820 | https://doi.org/10.1260/2040-2295.4.4.505

Opto-Physiological Modeling Applied to Photoplethysmographic Cardiovascular Assessment

Sijung Hu,¹Vicente Azorin-Peris,¹and Jia Zheng¹

Received01 Sept 2012

Accepted01 Jun 2013

Abstract

This paper presents opto-physiological (OP) modeling and its application in cardiovascular assessment techniques based on photoplethysmography (PPG). Existing contact point measurement techniques, i.e., pulse oximetry probes, are compared with the next generation non-contact and imaging implementations, i.e., non-contact reflection and camera-based PPG. The further development of effective physiological monitoring techniques relies on novel approaches to OP modeling that can better inform the design and development of sensing hardware and applicable signal processing procedures. With the help of finite-element optical simulation, fundamental research into OP modeling of photoplethysmography is being exploited towards the development of engineering solutions for practical biomedical systems. This paper reviews a body of research comprising two OP models that have led to significant progress in the design of transmission mode pulse oximetry probes, and approaches to 3D blood perfusion mapping for the interpretation of cardiovascular performance.

References

A. B. Hertzman and C. R. Spealman, “Observations on the finger volume pulse recorded photoelectrically,” American Journal of Physiological Measurement, vol. 119, pp. 334–335, 1937.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Nitzan, A. Babchenko, B. Khanokh, and D. Landau, “The variability of the photoplethysmographic signal—a potential method for the evaluation of the autonomic nervous system,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 19, pp. 93–102, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
A. V. J. Challoner and C. A. Ramsay, “A photoelectric plethysmograph for the measurement of cutaneous blood flow,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 317–328, 1974.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Shmada, I. Yoshiya, N. Oka, and K. Mamaguri, “Effects of multiple scattering and peripheral circulation on arterial oxygen saturation, measured with a pulse-type oximeter,” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 22, pp. 475–478, 1984.
View at: Google Scholar
J. M. Steinke and A. P. Shepherd, “Role of light scattering in whole blood oximetry,” IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 294–301, 1986.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Allen and A. Murray, “Development of a neural network screening aid for diagnosing lower limb peripheral vascular disease from photoelectric plethysmography pulse waveforms,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 14, pp. 13–22, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Allen, C. P. Oates, T. A. Lees, and A. Murray, “Photoplethysmography detection of lower limb peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a comparison of pulse timing, amplitude and shape characteristics,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 811–821, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
M. S. Whiteley, A. D. Fox, and M. Horrocks, “Photoplethysmography can replace hand-held Doppler in the measurement of ankle/brachial indices,” Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, vol. 809, no. 2, pp. 96–98, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
E. A. Lopez-Beltran, P. L. Blackshear, S. M. Finkelstein, and J. N. Cohn, “Non-invasive studies of peripheral vascular compliance using a non-occluding photoplethysmographic method,” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 36, pp. 748–753, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Allen and A. Murray, “Prospective assessment of an artificial neural network for the detection of peripheral vascular disease from lower limb pulse waveforms,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 16, pp. 29–38, 1995.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Jubran, “Pulse oximetry,” Applied Physiology in Intensive Care Medicine, pp. 45–48, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
A. S. Echiadis, V. P. Crabtree, J. Bence et al., “Non-invasive measurement of peripheral venous oxygen saturation using a new venous oximetry method: evaluation during bypass in heart surgery,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 897–911, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
M. L. Vold, U. Aasebø, A. Hjalmarsen, and H. Melbye, “Predictors of oxygen saturation ≤ 95% in a cross-sectional population based survey,” Respiratory Medicine, vol. 106, no. 11, pp. 1551–1558, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
J. G. Pak and K. H. Park, “Advanced pulse oximetry system for remote monitoring and management,” Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, vol. 2012:930582, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
J. T. B. Moyle, Principles and Practice Series: Pulse Oximetry, BMJ Publishing Group, London, 1994.
P. G. Agache and A. S. Dupond, “Recent advances in non-invasive assessment of human skin blood flow,” Acta dermato-venereologica Supplementum (Stockh), vol. 185, pp. 47–51, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
P. D. Mannheimer, J. R. Casciani, M. E. Fein, and S. L. Nierlich, “Wavelength selection for low-saturation pulse oximetry,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 148–158, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
K. H. Shelley, “Photoplethysmography: beyond the calculation of arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate,” Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol. 105, 6 Suppl, pp. S31–6, Dec 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
M. J. O'Connor and W. R. Morrow, “Pulse oximetry screening for critical congenital heart disease: a review,” The Journal of the Arkansas Medical Society, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 41–3, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Hayes and P. Smith, “Artifact reduction in photoplethysmography,” Applied Optics, vol. 37, no. 31, pp. 7437–7446, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
V. Kamat, “Pulse Oximetry,” Indian Journal of Anesthesia, vol. 46, no. 4: 261, 2002.
View at: Google Scholar
P. E. Bickler, J. R. Feiner, and J. W. Severinghaus, “Effects of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy at low saturation,” Anesthesiology, vol. 102, no. 4, pp. 715–719, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
M. J. Hayes and P. R. Smith, “Quantitative evaluation of photoplethysmographic artefact reduction for pulse oximetry,” in Proceeding of SPIE 3, Biomedical Sensors, Fibers, and Optical Delivery Systems, vol. 3570, pp. 138–147, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Subramanian, B. L. Ibey, W. Xu, M. A. Wilson, M. N. Ericson, and G. L. Coté, “Real-time separation of perfusion and oxygenation signals for an implantable sensor using adaptive filtering,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 2016–2023, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
G. Cennini, J. Arguel, K. Akşit, and A. V. Leest, “Heart rate monitoring via remote photoplethysmography with motion artifacts reduction,” Optics Express, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 4867–4875, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Z. Poh, D. J. McDuff, and R. W. Picard, “Advancements in Noncontact, Multiparameter Physiological Measurements Using a Webcam,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 7–11, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Hu, J. Zheng, V. Chouliaras, and R. Summers, “Feasibility of imaging photoplethysmography,” in International Conference on BioMedical Engineering and Informatics, pp. 72–75, Sanya, China, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Zheng, S. Hu, V. Azorin-Peris, A. Echiadis, V. Chouliaras, and R. Summers, “Remote simultaneous dual wavelength imaging photoplethysmography: a further step towards 3-D mapping of skin blood microcirculation,” in Proceedings of SPIE, Multimodal Biomedical Imaging III, vol. 6850, 68500S–1, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Zheng, S. Hu, V. Azorin-Peris, A. Echiadis, P. Shi, and V. Chouliaras, “A remote approach to measure blood perfusion from human face,” in Proc. SPIE 7169, Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic Systems VII, pp. 7170–4, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
R.-D. Berndt, M. C. Takenga, S. Kuehn et al., “A scalable and secure Telematics Platform for the hosting of telemedical applications. Case study of a stress and fitness monitoring,” in IEEE, 13th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Application and Services, pp. 118–121, HEALTHCOM, Columbia, USA, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
C. G. Scully, J. Lee, J. Meyer et al., “Physiological Parameter Monitoring from Optical Recordings With a Mobile Phone,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 303–306, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
F. P. Wieringa, F. Mastik, and A. F. van der Steen, “Contactless multiple wavelength photoplethysmographic imaging: a first step toward "SpO2 camera" technology,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 1034–1041, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
A. A. Kamshilin, S. Miridonov, V. Teplov, R. Saarenheimo, and E. Nippolainen, “Photoplethysmographic imaging of high spatial resolution,” Biomedical Optics Express, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 996–1006, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
Instant Heart Rate app passes 10M users, Oct. 2011, http://mobihealthnews.com/13600/instant-heartrate-app-passes-10m-users/, accessed Sept. 2012.
Philips app measures vitals using iPad camera, Nov. 2011, mobihealthnews.com/14848/philips-app-measures-vitals-using-ipad-camera/, accessed Sept. 2012.
V. Azorin-Peris, S. Hu, and P. R. Smith, “A Monte Carlo Platform for the Optical Modelling of Pulse Oximetry,” in Proceedings of SPIE, Biomedical Applications of Light Scattering, 2007, 64460T.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Mendelson, “Pulse oximetry: theory and applications for noninvasive monitoring,” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 1602–1607, 1992.
View at: Google Scholar
V. Tuchin, S. Utz, and I. Yaroslavsky, “Tissue optics, light distribution and spectroscopy,” Optical Engineering, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 3178–3188, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
A. O. Ugnell and P. A. Oberg, “The optical properties of the cochlear bone,” Medical Engineering & Physics, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 630–636, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
J. W. Ashley, J. C. Martin, van Gemert, and Willem M Star, “Definitions and Overview of Tissue Optics,” Optical-Thermal Response of Laser-Irradiated Tissue, SpringerLink, 2011, Part 1, pp. 27-64.
View at: Google Scholar
P. R. Smith and M. J. Hayes, “Artefact reduction in Photoplethysmography,” International Patent, 1999, WO1999032030.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Krishnan, B. B. Natarajan, and S. Warren, “Two-stage approach for detection and reduction of motion artifacts in photoplethysmographic data,” IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 1867–1876, 2010.
View at: Google Scholar
M. S. Patterson, B. C. Wilson, and D. R. Wyman, “The propagation of optical radiation in tissue I. Models of radiation transport and their application,” Lasers in Medical Science, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 158–168, 1991.
View at: Google Scholar
J. M. Schmitt, G. X. Zhou, E. C. Walker, and R. T. Wall, “Multilayer model of photon diffusion in skin,” Journal of the Optical Society of American A, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 2141–2153, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
M. J. Van Gemert, S. L. Jacques, H. J. Sterenborg, and W. M. Star, “Skin optics,” IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 36, no. 12, pp. 1146–1154, 1989.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Richards-Kortum and E. Sevick-Muraca, “Quantitative Optical Spectroscopy for Tissue Diagnosis,” Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, vol. 47, pp. 555–606, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
D. T. Delpy, M. Cope, P. van der Zee, S. Arridge, S. Wray, and J. Wyatt, “Estimation of optical pathlength through tissue from direct time of flight measurement,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1433–1442, 1988.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Hiraoka, M. Firbank, M. Essenpreis et al., “A Monte Carlo investigation of optical pathlength in inhomogeneous tissue and its application to near-infrared spectroscopy,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 38, pp. 1859–1876, 1993.
View at: Google Scholar
V. Konig, R. Huch, and A. Huch, “Reflectance pulse oximetry-principles and obstetric application in the zurich system,” Journal of Clinical Monitoring, vol. 14, pp. 403–412, 1998.
View at: Google Scholar
I. V. Meglinskin and S. J. Matcher, “Computer simulation of the skin reflectance spectra,” Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol. 70, pp. 179–186, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Reuss, “Multilayer modelling of reflectance pulse oximetry,” IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 52, pp. 153–160, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
V. Azorin-Peris, Opto-Physiological Modeling of Pulse Oximetry [Ph.D. thesis], Loughborough University, 2008.
S. Takatani, C. Davies, N. Sakakibara et al., “Experimental and clinical evaluation of a noninvasive reflectance pulse oximeter sensor,” Journal of Clinical Monitoring, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 257–266, 1992.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Nickell, M. Hermann, M. Essenpreis, T. J. Farrell, U. Kramer, and M. S. Patterson, “Anisotropy of light propagation in human skin,” Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 45, no. 10, pp. 2873–2886, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
A. M. Enejder, J. Swartling, P. Aruna, and S. Andersson-Engels, “Influence of cell shape and aggregate formation on the optical properties of flowing whole blood,” Applied Optics, vol. 42, no. 7, pp. 1384–1394, 2003.
View at: Google Scholar
F. P. Bolin, L. E. Preuss, R. C. Taylor, and R. J. Ference, “Refractive index of some mammalian tissues using a fiber optic cladding method,” Applied Optics, vol. 28, pp. 2297–2303, 1989.
View at: Google Scholar
J. M. Schmitt, “Simple photon diffusion analysis of the effects of multiple scattering on pulse oximetry,” IEEE Transaction on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 38, no. 12, pp. 1194–1203, 1991.
View at: Google Scholar
A. N. Bashkatov, E. A. Genina, and V. V. Tuchin, “Optical properties of skin, subcutaneous and muscle tissues: a review,” Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 9–38, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Ballerini, R. B. Fisher, B. Aldridge, and J. Rees, “A Color and Texture Based Hierarchical K-NN Approach to the Classification of Non-melanoma Skin Lesions,” Color Medical Image Analysis, Lecture Notes in Computational Vision and Biomechanics, vol. 6, pp. 63–86, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
M. P. Tulppo, T. H. Makikallio, T. E. Takala, T. Seppanen, and H. V. Huikuri, “Quantitative beat-to-beat analysis of heart rate dynamics during exercise,” The American Journal of Physiology, vol. 271, pp. H244–252, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
K. A. Reddy, B. George, and V. J. Kumar, “Use of Fourier Series Analysis for Motion Artifact Reduction and Data Compression of Photoplethysmographic Signals,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurements, vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1706–1711, 2009.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Sun, S. Hu, V. Azorin-Peris, S. Greenwald, J. Chambers, and Y. Zhu, “Motion-compensated noncontact imaging photoplethysmography to monitor cardiorespiratory status during exercise,” Journal of Biomedical Optics, vol. 16, no. 7: 077010, Jul 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
V. Azorin-Peris and S. Hu, “Validation of a Monte Carlo platform for the optical modeling of pulse oximetry,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 85: 012027, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Zheng, Opto-physiological Modeling of Imaging Photoplethysmography [Ph.D. thesis], Loughborough University, UK, 2010.
K. Rajan and L. M. Patnaik, “CBP and ART image reconstruction algorithms on media and DSP processors,” Microprocessors and Microsystems, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 233–238, 2001.
View at: Google Scholar
O. Dandekar and R. Shekhar, “FPGA-Accelerated Deformable Image Registration for Improved Target-Delineation During CT-Guided Interventions,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 116–127, 2007.
View at: Google Scholar
V. A. Chouliaras, J. L. Nunez, D. J. Mulvaney, F. Rovati, and D. Alfonso, “A Multi-standard Video accelerator based on a vector architecture,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 160–167, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
C. B. Archer, Functions of the Skin, Rook's Textbook of Dermatology, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, edited by Tony Burns, Stephen Breathnach, Neil Cox, Christopher Griffiths.
D. Stevens, V. A. Chouliaras, V. Azorin-Peris, J. Zheng, A. Echiadis, and S. Hu, “BioThreads: A Novel VLIW-Based Chip Multiprocessor for Accelerating Biomedical Image Processing Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 257–268, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2013 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation Order printed copies

Views

1167

Downloads

1798

Citations