Model of Murine Ventricular Cardiac Tissue for In Vitro Kinematic-Dynamic Studies of Electromagnetic and β-Adrenergic Stimulation

Figure 4

Mean contraction acceleration (during the time interval 27–39 min). In terms of dynamics, in comparison with control (CTRL), the isoproterenol (ISO) showed a significant positive inotropic effect () and the electromagnetic stimulation (EMF) caused a significant negative inotropic action (). The simultaneous use of pharmacological and physical stimulation (ISO + EMF) significantly reduced the positive inotropic effect of ISO (), giving an overall significant negative inotropic action in comparison with CTRL (). The horizontal bars are the 95% confidence intervals for the differences between means according to LSD (least significant difference) statistical test: there is a statistically significant difference between the means with nonoverlapping bars ( syncytia for each condition).