| Element set | Element type | Material properties | Reference |
| Cortical bone | 3D tetrahedron | E = 12,000 MPa, ν = 0.3 | [16] | Cancellous bone | 3D tetrahedron | E = 100 MPa, ν = 0.2 | [16] | Articular cartilage | 3D Herman formulation, lower order tetrahedron | E = 35 MPa, ν = 0.4 | [15] | Nucleus pulposus | 3D Herman formulation, lower order tetrahedron | Mooney-Rivlin: C1 = 0.12, C2 = 0.03 | [12] | Annulus fibrosis | 3D Herman formulation, lower order tetrahedron | Mooney-Rivlin: C1 = 0.18, C2 = 0.045 | [12, 16] | PLL | 3D truss | E = 10.0 MPa (ɛ < 11%), E = 20 MPa (ɛ > 11%) | [15, 18] | ALL | 3D truss | E = 7.8 MPa (ɛ < 12%), E = 20 MPa (ɛ > 12%) | [15, 18] | LF | 3D truss | E = 15.0 MPa (ɛ < 6.2%), E = 19.5 MPa (ɛ > 6.2%) | [15, 18] | CL | 3D truss | E = 7.5 MPa (ɛ < 25%), E = 32.9 MPa (ɛ > 25%) | [15, 18] | ITL | 3D truss | E = 10.0 MPa (ɛ < 18%), E = 58.7 MPa (ɛ > 18%) | [15, 18] | ISL | 3D truss | E = 10.0 MPa (ɛ < 14%), E = 11.6 MPa (ɛ > 14%) | [15, 18] | SSL | 3D truss | E = 8.0 MPa (ɛ < 20%), E = 15.0 MPa (ɛ > 20%) | [15, 18] |
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