Blood Pressure Estimation Using Photoplethysmography Only: Comparison between Different Machine Learning Approaches

Figure 4

Illustration of preprocessing of raw PPG signals to normalised pulses and demonstration of extracted waveform features. (a) The two horizontal straight lines are for the reference BPs, and the middle subfigure shows a 5 s raw PPG signal segment; (b) preprocessed signal segment with extracted features indicated by alphabets (A = pulse area, B = pulse rising time, C = width_75%, D = width_50%, and E = width_25%).

(a)

(b)