Improvement of Adequate Digoxin Dosage: An Application of Machine Learning Approach

Table 1

Recent studies on digoxin dosage prediction.

Study

Sample size

Study population

Y

Method

Demographic data (gender,age, TBW)

SCr

ALT/AST

BUN

ALB

K^+

Dose

SDC

CHF

DDI

Num. of variables

Albert et al. [8]

125

Spain

Toxicity

(1) logistic regression (2) neural networks

V

V

V

V

V

V

V(5)

7

Bauman et al. [2]

54

Caucasians (America)

SDC

Multiple linear regression

V

V

V

V

V(4)

5

Chen et al. [18]

142

China

CL

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V(4)

8

Jiratham-Opas et al. [19]

114

Thailand

SDC

Konishi equation

V

V

V

V

V

V(9)

6

Kockova et al. [20]

222

Czech Republic

Toxicity

(1) Fisher’s exact test (2) logistic regression

V

V

V

V

V

V(6)

6

Komatsu et al. [21]

192

Japanese

SDC

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

V

V(11)

6

Konishi et al. [22]

235

Japanese

SDC

Hyperbolic regression model

V

V

V

V

V

5

Kroese et al. [23]

45

Caucasians (UK)

SDC

PharmDIS

V

V

V

V(3)

4

Martín et al. [24]

257

Spain

Toxicity

Neural networks

V

V

V

V(1)

4

Martin-Suarez et al. [25]

63

Spain

Dose

Linear regression

V

V

V

V

V

5

Martin-Suarez et al. [26]

8

Spain

Dose

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

4

Muzzarelli et al. [27]

40

Switzerland

Dose

Konishi equation

V

V

V

V

V(8)

5

Petcharattana [28]

130

Thailand

SDC

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

V

V(6)

6

Suematsu et al. [29]

172

Japanese

CL

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

V

V(1)

6

Suematsu et al. [30]

181

Japanese

CL

Least-squares analysis

V

V

V

V

V

V(1)

6

Yukawa et al. [31]

94

Japanese

Dose

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

V

V(1)

6

Yukawa et al. [32]

117

Japanese

CL

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

V

5

Yukawa et al. [33]

71

Japanese

SDC

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

4

Yukawa et al. [34]

106

Japanese

CL

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

V(2)

5

Yukawa et al. [35]

385

Japanese

CL

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

V

V(1)

6

Zhou et al. [36]

119

China

SDC

NONMEM

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V(4)

9

Our study

307

Taiwan

Dose adequacy

Machine learning methods

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V

V(26)

10

ALB, albumin; ALT/AST, alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CHF, congestive heart failure; CL, the clearance of digoxin; DDIs, drug-drug interactions; Dose, digoxin daily dose; K⁺, serum potassium; SCr, serum creatinine; SDC, serum digoxin concentration. The number in the parentheses represents the number of DDI drugs considered in the study.