Effectiveness of Insole Colour on Impact Loading and Lower-Limb Kinematics When Running at Preferred and Nonpreferred Speeds

Table 1

Mean and SD of ground reaction force, spatiotemporal and joint angle variables by insole colour, and speed conditions.

Variables	Speed	Red	Blue	White	ANOVA ( value)			Post hoc
					Colour	Speed	Interaction
Peak impact force (BW)	S	2.18 (0.28)	2.21 (0.26)	2.26 (0.31)	0.140	<0.001	0.426	S < P, F; P < F
	P	2.25 (0.29)	2.32 (0.27)	2.33 (0.29)
	F	2.34 (0.29)	2.33 (0.30)	2.38 (0.32)
Max loading rate (BW/s)	S	91.22 (20.15)	92.65 (20.61)	95.31 (24.03)	0.285	<0.001	0.774	S < P, F
	P	96.75 (23.17)	100.58 (23.75)	106.73 (25.46)
	F	106.62 (28.67)	107.74 (27.23)	111.72 (30.34)
Contact time (s)	S	0.30 (0.02)	0.29 (0.02)	0.29 (0.03)	0.556	<0.001	0.177	S > P, F; P > F
	P	0.28 (0.02)	0.28 (0.02)	0.27 (0.02)
	F	0.26 (0.03)	0.26 (0.02)	0.26 (0.03)
Stride length (m)	S	1.61 (0.18)	1.60 (0.21)	1.67 (0.26)	0.562	<0.001	0.784	S < P, F; P < F
	P	1.77 (0.18)	1.77 (0.24)	1.81 (0.26)
	F	1.93 (0.21)	1.91 (0.25)	1.97 (0.27)
Ankle dorsiflexion at touchdown (°)	S	5.98 (10.47)	2.76 (2.35)	3.75 (4.92)	0.336	0.263	0.553	—
	P	5.56 (10.21)	2.74 (2.38)	4.08 (3.80)
	F	6.30 (10.49)	2.91 (2.66)	4.45 (3.75)
Ankle inversion at touchdown (°)	S	1.95 (2.11)	1.97 (2.18)	2.24 (2.13)	0.617	0.003	0.234	S > F
	P	2.06 (1.75)	1.23 (2.65)	1.93 (2.10)
	F	1.52 (2.03)	1.93 (2.10)	1.55 (2.04)
Ankle sagittal RoM (°)	S	29.61 (3.84)	29.77 (3.32)	29.76 (2.86)	0.864	<0.001	0.771	S < P, F
	P	30.63 (3.64)	31.01 (4.57)	30.65 (3.15)
	F	31.18 (3.37)	31.40 (3.86)	31.91 (3.12)
Ankle frontal RoM (°)	S	9.60 (2.56)	8.64 (2.00)	9.36 (2.27)	0.534	<0.001	0.336	F > S, P
	P	9.68 (2.85)	9.59 (2.47)	9.75 (2.03)
	F	10.60 (2.77)	9.88 (2.95)	10.53 (2.68)

S, slow; P, preferred, and F, fast. Indicating a significant effect, . BW, bodyweight.