On Gesell Evaluation System for Disabled Children in Minority Areas

Chen, Guozhi; Tan, Weiwei; Shi, Yu; Chen, Ming; Huang, Qin; Lin, Yingying; Jiang, Jinsheng; Chang, Wen-Lung; Huang, Yanzhi

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4210116

Journal of Healthcare Engineering

On this page

Abstract Introduction Results Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Developments in Optimization Algorithms for Smart Healthcare

View this Special Issue

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2022 | Article ID 4210116 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4210116

On Gesell Evaluation System for Disabled Children in Minority Areas

Guozhi Chen,¹Weiwei Tan,¹Yu Shi,¹Ming Chen,¹Qin Huang,¹Yingying Lin,¹Jinsheng Jiang,¹Wen-Lung Chang,²and Yanzhi Huang¹

Academic Editor: Kalidoss Rajakani

Received17 Nov 2021

Revised02 Dec 2021

Accepted17 Dec 2021

Published25 Jan 2022

Abstract

This paper takes 105 disabled children from the Disabled Rehabilitation Research Center of the South China minority autonomous region as the survey objects. Based on the Gesell scale, it collects health data such as exercise ability and health status of disabled children, analyzes the data in accordance with SPSS software, and constructs comprehensive disease analysis model of 105 disabled children. Moreover, according to five indicator data collected and tested for disabled children (adaptability, big movements, fine movements, language, and personal-social) in Gesell scale, comprehensive disease indicators of the disabled children are calculated and statistically analyzed together with age and gender information. This study analyzed comprehensive diseases and the correlation among various indicators, concluding that most disabled children aged 3–7 are diagnosed with moderate and severe developmental retardation, and retardation level is in obvious normal distribution. At the same time, there is a significant correlation between indicators of ability test interval and measurement indicators with age. This study suggests that targeted treatment and rehabilitation plans should be implemented for disabled children of different ages according to different indicators of ability test interval, which has reference value and significance for improving the treatment level of disabled children and realizing targeted rehabilitation.

1. Introduction

Limited by regional economy, health and culture, and other factors, minority areas have always lagged behind other areas. It is difficult for them to effectively utilize existing child health resources, especially ethnic minorities in remote border areas, so health level of children is far below the national average [1].

To be specific, in South China, according to the 2019 census data, developmental health problems of children in minority areas were severe, and disability-related incidence rate reached 5.6%, which was more than double the overall average (2.1%). Obviously, disability has severely affected overall population quality and economic and social development there. Therefore, an important issue in enhancing living standards of minority areas is about how to provide better treatment and rehabilitation for disabled children in these areas [2, 3].

In order to improve the level of treatment and rehabilitation, this study believes a key step is to deeply and systematically understand relevant factors that affect healthy development of disabled children. As an essential tool for evaluating and measuring development of children, Gesell scale can identify neuromuscular or sensory systems are defective or not and find developmental abnormalities that can be treated, as well as subsequent changes in behaviors of high-risk children.

In summary, it is useful for diagnosing autism and developmental retardation. Researchers have applied it to the treatment and rehabilitation of disabled children. Literature [4] studied rehabilitation effect of children with cochlear implant treatment based on Gesell scale and analyzed effect of postoperative treatment and rehabilitation systematically and scientifically, providing better guidance for postoperative rehabilitation. In accordance with survey data of the Gesell scale, literature [5] carried out a systematic and comprehensive evaluation on early neurodevelopmental level of children with autism, and the effective treatment plan was designed. Furthermore, literature [6] systematically assessed outcomes and influencing factors of children with three types of developmental disabilities in Beijing according to Gesell scale and implemented targeted rehabilitation treatment and effect tracking for these children, with significant results obtained. For understanding the general situation of mental development of children with suspected mental retardation, a total of 2178 children with suspected mental retardation who completed the Gesell developmental scale were enrolled at West China Second Hospital; language developmental defects are prominent in children with suspected developmental retardation, which are comorbid with different degrees of developmental defects in other functional areas and attention should be paid to the language development of boys. The early intervention of comprehensive mental development based on the language development should be the focus of clinical work right now [7]. Gesell developmental scale can be used as a language development screening tool; it can be used for severity classification and for the children under 2 years old whose language scores of Gesell developmental scale show margin state [8].

This study mainly investigated and analyzed health of 105 disabled children from Disabled Rehabilitation Research Center of minority autonomous region in South China. Subsequently, it systematically evaluated and explored behavioral characteristics of disabled children and various influencing factors for the treatment and rehabilitation. Finally, effective basis and suggestions were proposed for further improving treatment and rehabilitation of disabled children.

2. Methodology

2.1. Research Objects

This study explored 105 disabled children from Disabled Rehabilitation Research Center of minority autonomous region in the South China, including 84 boys and 21 girls, with an average age of 56.98 months. In addition, there were 48 from Han, 46 from Zhuang, and 11 from other ethnic minorities, so ethnic minorities accounted for 55%. A statistical survey was conducted based on Gesell scale and questionnaires.

2.2. Research Process

(1)They investigated and collected data from 2018 to 2021, and the data recorded health and development of 105 disabled children. Firstly, questionnaire was imported into an Excel table for preliminary screening and processing, and SPSS22.0 statistical analysis software was used to further analyze data, so as to systematically assess growth and development of disabled children and perform statistical analysis on influencing factors and characteristics.(2)Methodology: the following research methods are introduced to this study: literature review method: based on investigation and analysis of existing research literature, Gesell scale was used as a data collection tool to survey health and development of disabled children in movements [9, 10]. Statistical data analysis: it was adopted to carry out quantitative research and collect data on children’s health data released by the Disabled Rehabilitation Research Center of minority autonomous region in South China, in order to initially reveal health and development status of disabled children [10–14].(3)Statistical approach: through input of data and application of SPSS22.0 software, sample variables were explored via descriptive statistical analysis model, mean model, and correlation model provided by SPSS22.0, obtaining analysis statistics and chart to systematically evaluate health and development of disabled children.

2.3. Investigation Tools

(1)GESSL Health Survey Questionnaire collected movements-related health and development data of disabled children through standard GESSL health questionnaire(2)GESSL Evaluation Form summarized sample information in GESSL health questionnaire with the aid of this tool [15–17]

3. Results

3.1. Descriptive Statistical Results of Samples

Firstly, in terms of statistics of Gesell scale, SPSS22.0 performed a descriptive statistical analysis of key variable data, with results shown in Table 1.

According to results, standard error of developmental age and developmental quotient variable collected in each ability test interval is within 2.5%, and standard deviation is controlled within 0.2. The distribution of all sample data is in line with general survey results statistics, so it meets research needs.

3.1.1. Statistical Analysis of Comprehensive Disease of Samples

Firstly, results of each ability interval were divided into 6 grades, normal, marginal state, mild developmental retardation, moderate developmental retardation, severe developmental retardation, and very severe developmental retardation, to construct developmental status grade matrix S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, where 0 to 5 corresponded to normal development and very severe developmental retardation, respectively.

At the same time, comprehensive disease P was defined as average value of adaptability , big movements , fine movements , language , and personal-social . The calculation model is as follows:

Then, based on SPSS software, comprehensive disease was statistically analyzed, and the results are listed in Table 2.

The evaluation of various ability interval indicators meets the expected bootstrap confidence space. The collected Gesell data are highly representative and reliable and can effectively reflect the overall motor development and diseases of disabled children in the study.

According to analysis of comprehensive evaluation data, this study discussed comprehensive ability of samples, finding that comprehensive ability of statistical sample obeyed general normal distribution curve. The ability interval was mainly concentrated in interval of 2.0 to 3.5, that is, areas from mild developmental retardation to moderate developmental retardation, with results shown in Figure 1. The Gesell comprehensive abilities of most disabled children are distributed in this range, and only a few disabled children suffer from severe and very severe diseases.

Through analysis, it was found most of the 105 disabled children suffered from mild and moderate developmental retardation.

From Figure 2, the perspective of age, children aged 3–7 years are affected by more serious comprehensive diseases. Diseases in these age groups are usually serious, especially in moderate and severe patients.

In Figure 3, among analyses of comprehensive diseases, this study described relationship between gender and diseases from the perspective of gender. It shows clearly seen from the cluster diagram that diseases of girls are more serious than that of boys among disabled children. Boys are mainly attacked by moderate developmental retardation, while disabled girls suffer from severe developmental retardation.

3.2. Analysis of Performance Characteristics of Diseases

Overall condition had been analyzed from the perspective of comprehensive diseases previously. In order to further explore and study main performance characteristics of sample diseases, this part shall continue to investigate developmental performance in different aspects and discuss correlation.

To begin with, correlation between various factors in ability intervals and the comprehensive diseases was analyzed, in order to explore key performance characteristics of overall condition of disabled children. Table 3 records correlation test of indicator evaluation of each ability interval and the comprehensive diseases.

According to the above correlation analysis, comprehensive diseases are significantly correlated with five indicators of adaptability, big movements, fine movements, language, and personal-social in the ability test intervals. Fine movements are in particular, whose Pearson correlation value reaches 0.862, and that of other indicators is all above 0.7, showing a significant correlation. Meanwhile, there is also a strong correlation between various indicators in ability test intervals, and the bilateral significance table is above 0.5.

It was necessary to analyze impact and correlation of age and gender on the comprehensive diseases. In Table 4, the results indicated age was significantly correlated with comprehensive diseases, exceeding significance level. But correlation was low between gender and comprehensive diseases, without significant correlation.

4. Discussion

According to the above statistical analysis and correlation analysis of sample data, following laws and characteristics are summarized:(1)The overall condition of developmental retardation of disabled children obeys a normal distribution, mainly from mild to moderate developmental retardation, and the developmental retardation is affected by age and gender, to some extent. Among them, children aged 3–7 are easily attacked by moderate and severe developmental retardation. Diseases of girls are more serious than boys, for example, girls usually suffer from severe and very severe developmental retardation. As a whole, a significant correlation is found between age and comprehensive diseases with indicators of ability test intervals. During treatment, rehabilitation should be adopted before the age of 3, in order to control disease deterioration as early as possible [18–20].(2)In terms of correlation, variables of ability test intervals in the Gesell assessment system are significantly correlated with comprehensive disease evaluation variable. There is also a strong correlation among variables of ability test intervals, and comprehensive diseases are obviously affected by adaptability, big movements, fine movements, language, and personal-social. However, according to significance comparison, developmental retardation of overall ability is mainly impacted by fine movements and language that share a significant correlation with age, which is consistent with previous statistical description and analysis. The correlation between diseases and age is unclear, or in other words, boys and girls perform nearly same in specific developmental retardation symptoms. Statistical analysis shows boys generally suffer from moderate and mild developmental retardation, while girls are easily attacked by moderate and severe developmental retardation [21, 22]. In general, language of disabled children in minority areas develops slowly, and they are diagnosed with moderate symptoms. In addition, diseases are significantly correlated with the age. In summary, when formulating treatment and rehabilitation programs, relevant departments should adopt measures according to ages. The focus should be placed on the rehabilitation of fine movements and language. Targeted training and treatment can be provided to disabled children with different degrees of developmental retardation [23].

5. Conclusion

This study aims to explore and analyze health development of disabled children in minority areas. Specifically, it focuses on health of disabled children in Guangxi and investigates health status of 105 disabled children from Disabled Rehabilitation Research Center of minority autonomous region in South China [24, 25].

Based on the Gesell scale, it collects health data such as exercise ability and health status of disabled children, analyzes the data in accordance with SPSS software, and constructs comprehensive disease analysis model of disabled children. Moreover, according to five indicator data collected and tested for disabled children (adaptability, big movements, fine movements, language, and personal-social) in Gesell scale, comprehensive disease indicators of the disabled children are calculated and statistically analyzed together with age and gender information. Subsequently, this study analyzed comprehensive diseases and the correlation among various indicators, concluding that most disabled children aged 3–7 are diagnosed with moderate and severe developmental retardation, and retardation level is in obvious normal distribution. At the same time, there is a significant correlation between indicators of ability test interval and measurement indicators with age [26–29].

In view of the above conclusions, this study suggests that targeted treatment and rehabilitation plans should be implemented for disabled children of different ages according to different indicators of ability test interval, which has reference value and significance for improving the treatment level of disabled children and realizing targeted rehabilitation.

Data Availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Special Project of Special Education Committee of Guangxi Education Society: Guangxi school-age disabled children and adolescents “send to the door” and “construction of education rehabilitation network education resource platform” (Grant No. 2021GXJYXHTJZWH003).

References

Y.-X. Guo, H.-X. Ma, Y.-X. Zhang, Z.-H. Chen, and Q.-X. Zhai, “Whole-exome sequencing for identifying genetic causes of intellectual developmental disorders,” International Journal of General Medicine, vol. 14, pp. 1275–1282, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
W. Li, J. Nie, and T. Li, “Application value of symbolic games in autism screening of children aged 18 ∼ 36 months,” China Maternal and Child Health Care, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 2440–2442, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Porwancher and R. De Lisi, “Developmental placement of kindergarten children based on the Gesell school readiness test,” Early Childhood Research Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 149–166, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Jiang, Y. Ni, F. Wang, X. Xu, and Z. Xu, “Study on the effect of combined family intervention model on the development level of ASD children,” Psychological Monthly, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 107-108, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
S. B. Gesell, J. Prvu Bettger, R. H. Lawrence et al., “Implementation of complex interventions,” Medical Care, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. S344–S354, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Li and G. Tong, “An etiological study of intellectually disabled children under 14 years old in Anhui Province, China,” American Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 2670–2677, 2021.
View at: Google Scholar
P. Li, F. Xiong, J. H. Wu, and F. Yang, “Analysis of the results of Gesell Developmental Scale of 1979 children with suspected developmental retardation,” Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, vol. 27, no. 8, p. 869, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Liang and Z. H. Wang, “Comparative study of SS method and Gesell developmental scale in children's language assessment,” Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, vol. 25, no. 5, p. 514, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
X. Liu, Y. Chen, X. Ding, and F. Wang, “Intervention effect of health education on children's feeding behavior in poor minority areas,” China Medical Herald, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 69–71, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. Wang and J. She, “Comparative analysis of mental health of left behind children of ethnic minorities,” Journal of Changchun University, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 19–23, 2019.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Evans, “Neurodevelopmental and cognitive disabilities: historical overview,” Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 173, pp. 7–14, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Chen, C. Bao, Y. X. Geng et al., “Effect of “Tonifying Kidney and Invigorating Brain” acupuncture in children with spastic cerebral palsy analyzed by multi-modality MRI combined with dynamic electroencephalogram,” Medicine, vol. 99, no. 30, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
X. Wang, “Research on social security of rural disabled people in poverty-stricken areas of ethnic minorities in Yunnan Province,” Yunnan University of Finance and economics, Kunming, China, 2018, Dissertation.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Guo, Creating Conditions for the Healthy Growth of Left behind Children in Ethnic Minority Areas, China Social News, Beijing, China, 2018.
S. Venkatesan and L. Lokesh, “Inter-correlations between tests of intelligence in students with learning disabilities,” Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, vol. 11, no. 1-3, pp. 43–47, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Liu, M. Chen, W. Liu et al., “Comprehensive developments in deaf children aged 6 months to 6 years,” Research Square, vol. 1, pp. 04–25, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Zhuo, “Research on living environment and mental health of left behind children in minority areas,” Middle School Curriculum Counseling, vol. 4, no. 23, p. 10, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
Y. Gui and F. Liu, “Study on participation in sports activities and service needs of children with intellectual disabilities aged 6 ∼ 12 in minority areas of Hubei Province,” Chinese Rehabilitation Theory and practice, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 232–236, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Z. H. Cao, “Discussion on the development of physical education for disabled children from the perspective of healthy China,” in Proceedings of the 2017 5th International Conference on Physical Education and Society Management(ICPESM 2017)V71, p. 4, Borovets, Bulgaria, February 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Deng and Z. Xu, “Comparison of mental health status of left behind children of ethnic minorities and Han nationality in Western China,” Mental Health Education in Primary and Secondary Schools, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 15–19, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
S. Venkatesan and L. Lokesh, “Studying the effects of porteus maze test in children with learning disabilities,” International Journal of Asia Pacific School Psychology, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 117–125, 2020.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Gou, “EEG analysis and clinical significance of diffuse axonal injury in children,” Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China, 2016, Dissertation.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Wang and Q. Tang, “Analysis of influencing factors of dental caries and evaluation of health education effect of preschool children in minority areas of Xinjiang,” World Latest Medical Information Abstract, vol. 16, no. 34, pp. 211-212, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
C. Luo, “Investigation on mental health status of left behind children in minority rural areas,” Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China, 2014, Dissertation.
View at: Google Scholar
H. Dong, B. Wang, H. Li, X. Yue, and F. Jia, “Correlation between screen time and autistic symptoms as well as development quotients in children with autism spectrum disorder,” Frontiers in Psychiatry, vol. 12, p. 140, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Waterworth, D. A. Nicholls, L. Burrows, and M. Gaffney, “Physiotherapy for children and the construction of the disabled child,” Mobilizing Knowledge in Physiotherapy, Taylor and Francis, London, UK, 2020.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Li, A. Liang, C. Shao, Y. Chen et al., “Three year follow-up study of children with intellectual development disabilities in Beijing,” in Proceedings of the 3rd Beijing International Rehabilitation Forum. China Rehabilitation Research Center: China’s Rehabilitation Theory and Practice, Beijing, China, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Zhong, “Investigation and analysis of 213 children with intellectual disability aged 0 ∼ 6 years in Honghuagang district, Zunyi city,” Journal of Zunyi Medical College, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 294-295, 2008.
View at: Google Scholar
D. Ao, S. Guo, C. Yun, and X. Zheng, “Socio-demographic factors impact disabilities caused by perinatal asphyxia among Chinese children,” PLoS One, vol. 16, no. 3, Article ID e0248154, 2021.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Guozhi Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

351

Downloads

347

Citations