Mitofusin-2 Restrains Hepatic Stellate Cells’ Proliferation via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway and Inhibits Liver Fibrosis in Rats

Chen, Zhiping; Lin, Zeyu; Yu, Jiandong; Zhong, Haifeng; Zhuo, Xianhua; Jia, Changku; Wan, Yunle

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6731335

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Volume 2022 | Article ID 6731335 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6731335

Mitofusin-2 Restrains Hepatic Stellate Cells’ Proliferation via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway and Inhibits Liver Fibrosis in Rats

Zhiping Chen,^1,2Zeyu Lin,^1,2Jiandong Yu,^1,2Haifeng Zhong,³Xianhua Zhuo,⁴Changku Jia,⁵and Yunle Wan^1,2

Academic Editor: Kalidoss Rajakani

Received02 Dec 2021

Revised20 Dec 2021

Accepted24 Dec 2021

Published17 Jan 2022

Abstract

The mitochondrial GTPase mitofusin-2 (MFN2) gene can suppress the cell cycle and regulate cell proliferation in a number of cell types. However, its function in hepatic fibrosis remains largely unexplored. We attempted to understand the mechanism of MFN2 in hepatic stellate cell (HSC) proliferation and the development of hepatic fibrosis. Rat HSC-T6 HSC were cultured and transfected by adenovirus- (Ad-) Mfn2 or its negative control (NC) vector (Ad-green fluorescent protein (GFP)); a rat liver cirrhosis model was established via subcutaneous injection with carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄). Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into four groups: CCl₄, Mfn2, GFP, and NC. Ad-Mfn2 or Ad-GFP was transfected into the circulation via intravenous injection at day 1, 14, 28, 42, or 56 after the first injection of CCl₄ in the Mfn2/GFP groups. Biomarkers related to HSC proliferation and the development of hepatic fibrosis were detected using western blotting, hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining, and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, Mfn2 interfered specifically with platelet-derived growth factor- (PDGF-) induced signaling pathway (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase- (PI3K-) AKT), inhibiting HSC-T6 cell activation and proliferation. During the process of hepatic fibrosis in vivo, extracellular collagen deposition and the expression of fibrosis-related proteins increased progressively, while Mfn2 expression decreased gradually. Upregulating Mfn2 expression at the early stage of fibrosis impeded the process, triggered the downregulation of type I collagen, and antagonized the formation of factors associated with liver fibrosis. Mfn2 suppresses HSC proliferation and activation and exhibits antifibrotic potential in early-stage hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, it may represent a significant therapeutic target for eradicating hepatic fibrosis.

1. Introduction

Hepatic fibrosis, characterized by necrosis and compensatory proliferation of liver cells as well as abnormal accretion of fibrous tissue, is the critical pathological feature of various chronic liver diseases and the necessary intermediate link in the occurrence of liver cirrhosis [1, 2]. The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is the cytological basis for the formation of hepatic fibrosis, while the normal morphology is in a stationary state [3]. Activated HSC synthesize large amounts of extracellular matrices (ECM); the imbalance between ECM secretion and degradation leads to collagen deposition in the liver. Further research has indicated that activated HSC release cytokines, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) via an autocrine mechanism, resulting in sustained activation of HSC and the development of hepatic fibrosis [3–6]. Accordingly, HSC have become a focal target in studies on hepatic fibrosis. Several researchers have attempted to inhibit HSC activation and proliferation by reducing the cytokines required during the process or by interfering with the signal transduction [7–10]. However, experiments inhibiting cell activation directly or inducing apoptosis are seldom reported.

Mitochondria are multifunctional organelles highly related to the functional state of cells and play an important role in the cell cycle, metabolism, proliferation, and apoptosis. The mitochondrial GTPase mitofusin-2 (MFN2) gene (aka, the hyperplasia suppressor gene) was originally identified in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats by Chen et al. [11]. Located on the outer mitochondrial membrane, MFN2 regulates mitochondrial morphology and function and plays a crucial role in mitochondrial fusion and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis [12–14]. Low expression of intracellular MFN2 is a necessary condition for cells entering the proliferative phase [15]. In addition, MFN2 performs proapoptotic and antiproliferative functions in various cell lines, including mammary, cervical, colon, hepatocellular, and lung cancer cells [16–19]. Our previous work suggested that MFN2 had a negative regulatory effect on HSC proliferation, but the exact mechanism remained unclear.

PDGF, which is the strongest mitogen for HSC known to date, regulates cell proliferation and division through phosphorylation by binding to the corresponding receptors on the cell membrane [5, 20, 21]. Phosphorylation of PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) plays a critical role in HSC activation and mitosis; specific inhibitors of PI3K can restrict PDGF-induced proliferation [22]. MFN2 suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway [23]. However, the correlation between MFN2 and PI3K-AKT signaling in hepatic fibrosis remains largely unexplored. We hypothesized that MFN2 plays a role in antiproliferation via the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway during the process of hepatic fibrosis. Here, we used a recombinant adenovirus (Ad) vector for transfecting Mfn2 into HSC-T6 cells, a rat HSC line, to evaluate the effect of Mfn2 on proliferation. We also investigated the mechanism of Mfn2-regulated antiproliferation effects on HSC-T6 cells in vitro. Furthermore, Wistar rats were transfected to reveal the role of Mfn2 in hepatic fibrosis.

The aim of this article is to study the antifibrotic potential of Mfn2, as well as its role in the cell cycle of HSC, which is seldom reported in the existing literature. Mfn2 probably provides new therapeutic methods for hepatic fibrosis in the near future.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Cell Lines, Cell Culture, and Treatment

HSC-T6 HSC were obtained from the Chinese Academy of Science Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science. The cells were cultured in growth medium consisting of Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; Gibco Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) containing 4.5 g/L glucose, 5000 IU/L penicillin, 5 mg/L streptomycin, and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco Life Technologies) in an incubator at 37°C with a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO₂ and 95% air. For the experiments conducted under serum-free conditions, the cells were cultured in serum-free medium for 24 h. For chemokine treatment, the cells were exposed to 20 ng/mL PDGF-BB (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) for 48 h.

2.2. Animals and Experimental Design

All experimental protocols were conducted in accordance with the Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines, and the study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University. Adult male Wistar rats (average body weight, 200–250 g) (Laboratory Animal Center of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China) were used in the study and were given ad libitum access to food and water at room temperature (20–22°C) with a 12-h light-dark cycle. The rats were randomly divided into two groups (n = 24 per group): carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) and negative control (NC). The rats in the CCl₄ group received subcutaneous injection of CCl₄ at a dose of 3 mL/kg (mixed with olive oil (50% V/V)) twice a week. The NC group was treated with vehicle only (olive oil) equivalent to the CCl₄ group. Six rats per group were randomly selected and euthanized on days 14, 28, 42, and 56 after the first injection, separately, and the livers were harvested for further study. Another 72 rats were randomly divided into four groups: CCl₄ (n = 6), Mfn2 (CCl₄ + Ad-Mfn2, n = 30), GFP (green fluorescent protein) (CCl₄ + Ad-GFP, n = 30), and NC (n = 6). The Mfn2 and GFP groups were each randomly divided into five subgroups (n = 6 per subgroup). In these subgroups, Ad-Mfn2 or Ad-GFP was transfected into the circulation via intravenous injection on day 1, 14, 28, or 56 after the first injection of CCl₄. All rats were sacrificed on day 70, and their livers were removed for further study.

2.3. Expression Vectors and Transfection

Adr-mCMV-EGFP-Mfn-2 (Ad-Mfn2) and the NC vector (Ad-GFP) were purchased from BioWit Technologies Co. Ltd. (Shenzhen, China). The Adr-mCMV-EGFP-Mfn-2 recombinant adenovirus vector carried the full-length Mfn2 gene. The HSC-T6 cells were transfected according to standard protocols. Briefly, the cells were cultured in 6-well plates, and the medium was changed every day until 70–80% confluence was achieved. The cells were transfected with adenovirus vector at multiplicity of infection (MOI) = 250 PFU (plaque-forming units) in serum-free DMEM. At 4 h after transfection, the medium was replaced with normal DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, and the cells were cultured for 24 h. The cells were then cultured for another 24 h in medium containing 10% FBS and PDGF-BB to detect HSC-T6 cell proliferation. The transfection efficiency was ∼70% for all experimental groups. The transfection into the animal models was as follows: 1 × 10¹⁰ PFU Ad-Mfn2 or Ad-GFP was injected via the tail vein.

2.4. Collection of Liver Tissue

The rats were anaesthetized with 2% pelltobarbitalum natricum, and the liver tissues were obtained and cut into pieces with an average weight of 500 mg. A portion of the specimen was stored in formaldehyde for histopathological examination, and the other portion was immediately frozen at −80°C for western blotting studies.

2.5. Cell Proliferation

Cell proliferation capability was detected using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8, Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Kumamoto, Japan) shade selection experiments. The cells (3 × 10³ per well) were plated in triplicate in 96-well plates and cultured for 24 h. At 24, 48, and 72 h after transfection, 10 μL CCK-8 (5 mg/mL) was added to each well, and the cells were cultured for 4 h. The absorbance was determined at 450 nm (Varioskan Flash, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The experiments were repeated at least three times.

2.6. Western Blot Analysis and Antibodies

The HSC-T6 cells and liver tissue lysates were extracted with radio immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) cell lysis buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, China), and the protein concentration in the lysates was quantified using an enhanced bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with bovine serum albumin as a standard. Equal amounts of total protein extracted from the cells or liver tissues were resolved by 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) and then probed with the following anti-rat primary polyclonal antibodies: MFN2 (1 : 1000; Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA), α-SMA (alpha smooth muscle actin) (1 : 1000; Abcam), TGF-β1 (1 : 1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA), PDGFR-β (1 : 2500; Abcam), phosphorylated (p)-PDGFR-β (1 : 1000; Cell Signaling Technology), PI3K and p-PI3K (1 : 1000; Cell Signaling Technology), AKT (1 : 1000; Cell Signaling Technology), p-AKT (1 : 2500; Cell Signaling Technology), COL1 (collagen I) (1 : 500; Millipore), and GAPDH (1 : 1000; CWBiotech, Shanghai, China). The membranes were incubated at 4°C overnight. The next day, the membranes were incubated with the appropriate secondary horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (1 : 10,000, Boster Biological Technology, Wuhan, China). Specific proteins were visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL, Millipore). For quantitative analysis, band density was measured and normalized to GAPDH.

2.7. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Masson Staining

The rat liver tissues were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and dehydrated by graded ethanol (70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, and 100%). After permeabilization with xylene, the tissues were immersed and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin blocks were cut into 4-μm slices, mounted on glass slides, and stained using standard HE staining and Masson staining techniques according to previous studies [24]. Tissue damage was evaluated by observing the inflammation, cell infiltration, interstitial edema, and cell vacuolar degeneration within the liver parenchyma under a microscope. The severity of interstitial fibrosis was estimated by scanning 10 nonrepeated fields in each sample with Masson staining and graded according to the Laennec fibrosis scoring system [25].

2.8. Immunohistochemistry

To analyze the protein expression of p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and COL1 in the liver tissues, immunohistochemistry staining assays were performed as described previously. ²⁴ After baking in a 60°C incubator for 1 h, tissue sections were deparaffinized in xylene, hydrated by graded ethanol, and immersed in 3% H₂O₂ methanol solution for 30 min to block endogenous peroxidase activity. Next, the sections were sealed with goat serum (C-0005, Bioss Antibodies, China) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min. Then, the sections were incubated in diluted primary antibodies against p-PDGFR-β (1 : 100), α-SMA (1 : 100), and COL1 (1 : 100) in a wet box at 4°C overnight. After adding the secondary antibody, the sections were incubated for 30 min at room temperature, followed by coloration with a diaminobenzidine (DAB) horseradish peroxidase color development kit (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) for 30∼60 sec. The nucleus was counterstained with hematoxylin for 1∼1.5 min. Afterwards, the sections were differentiated by 0.1% hydrochloric acid and alcohol, colorized to blue, dehydrated, and cleared. Finally, the sections were sealed with neutral gum and examined for expression of the target proteins using an optical microscope under ×200 magnification. The mean optical density (MOD) was measured by Image-Pro Plus 6.0 image analysis software.

2.9. Statistical Analysis and Image Processing Software

All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for Windows version 20.0 (SPSS, Armonk, NY, USA). The t-test was used for comparing two groups; multiple groups were compared using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA). All cell culture experiments were independently performed in triplicate and the measurement data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). was considered statistically significant in all cases. Canvas 16 Pro and Photoshop 7.0 were used for image gathering and processing manipulations.

3. Results

3.1. HSC-T6 Cells Transfected with Ad-Mfn2 Constitutively Expressed Mfn2

Transfection efficiency was highest when the MOI value between the adenovirus and cell was 250 PFU, as we have shown previously. Compared with the untransfected cells, HSC-T6 cells transfected with Ad-Mfn2 or Ad-GFP emitted green fluorescence under inverted fluorescence microscopy (Figure 1(a)). We verified MFN2 protein expression by western blotting 48 h after transfection. MFN2 protein expression levels were significantly increased in the cells transfected with Ad-Mfn2, compared with that of the cells transfected with Ad-GFP and the normal control (Figure 1(b)). The findings indicate that the Mfn2 gene was successfully reorganized into HSC-T6 cells and expressed the corresponding protein.

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3.2. Mfn2 Inhibited HSC-T6 Cell Proliferation

Adenoviral vectors bearing Mfn2 or GFP and PDGF were transfected into HSC-T6 cells with the aim of measuring cell proliferation. The growth density of the cell lines was observed under normal microscopy; 24 h after treatment, HSCs incubated with PDGF and PDGF + GFP had significantly increased cell growth density compared with the control group and the Mfn2 group (Figure 2(a)). Furthermore, automated cell counting showed that the number of HSC incubated with PDGF + Mfn2 was (0.7367 ± 0.05686) × 10⁶, fewer than those incubated with PDGF [(1.2967 ± 0.7024) × 10⁶] or PDGF + GFP [(1.2967 ± 0.4042) × 10⁶] (Figure 2(b)). CCK-8 assay of cell proliferation activity indicated that HSC incubated with Ad-Mfn2 had significantly reduced cell proliferation compared with the control group and the GFP group, while HSC incubated with PDGF exhibited significantly increased cell proliferation (Figure 2(c)). These results indicate that Mfn2 can restrict HSC proliferation.

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3.3. Mfn2 Suppressed Fibrosis of HSC-T6 Cells via the PDGFR-β-PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway

The PI3K-AKT signaling pathway is essential for PDGF-induced cell growth in vitro [26] and is responsible for upregulating COL1 expression in HSC [27]. To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which Mfn2 inhibits PDGF-induced HSC proliferation, the protein expression of PDGFR-β, PI3K, AKT, and their phosphorylated forms, as well as α-SMA, TGF-β1, and COL1, were detected by western blotting. Figure 3 shows that PDGF led to PDGFR-β, PI3K, and AKT phosphorylation, and α-SMA, TGF-β1, and COL1 protein expression in the PDGF-induced cells was higher than that in the NC group. In addition, Mfn2 significantly reduced the PDGF-induced phosphorylation of PDGFR-β, PI3K, and AKT, and α-SMA, TGF-β1, and COL1 protein expression levels were significantly lower in cells overexpressing Mfn2 than in cells from the PDGF + GFP, PDGF, or NC groups. The PDGFR-β, PI3K, and AKT protein expression levels did not differ significantly among the four groups.

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Figure 3

Mfn-2 suppresses fibrosis of HSC-T6 cells via PDGFR-β/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. (a) Protein expressions of α-SMA, Col-1, TGF-β1, and Mfn-2 in each group. (b) Protein expressions of PDGFR-β, PI3K, AKT, and their phosphorylation form in each group. ^b, ^c, vs. control group. α-SMA: alpha-smooth muscle actin; Col-1: collagen type 1; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-beta 1; PDGFR-β: platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B; p-: phospho-.

3.4. Liver Tissue Damage and Interstitial Fibrosis Gradually Deteriorated under the Influence of CCl₄

HE staining demonstrated that there were no histological changes in NC group livers, which had normal morphology and regular lobular structure, while CCl₄ group livers developed remarkable pathological changes such as inflammatory cell infiltration, interstitial edema, and cell vacuolar degeneration. Masson staining showed that collagen deposition and interstitial fibrosis were significantly increased in the CCl₄ group; there was remarkable fibrosis in the portal tract. The portal and central veins were surrounded by fibrous septa, and the lobular structure was fuzzy with clearly visible false lobules (Figure 4(a)). At days 28, 42, and 56 after the first injection of CCl₄, the Laennec fibrosis score for the CCl₄ group was 2.67 ± 0.52, 4.50 ± 0.55, and 5.67 ± 0.52, respectively, which was significantly different compared with that in the NC group, which was 0.50 ± 0.55, 0.42 ± 0.49, and 0.33 ± 0.41 , respectively, indicating that the severity of interstitial fibrosis was aggravated as the modeling duration increased (Figure 4(b)).

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3.5. Protein Expression of p-PDGFR-β, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and COL1 Increased While MFN2 Decreased Gradually in the CCl₄ Group

Western blotting indicated that, during the duration of modeling, p-PDGFR-β, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and COL1 protein expression increased gradually, while MFN2 protein expression decreased gradually in the CCl₄ group compared with the NC group (Figure 5(a)). p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and COL1 protein expression was also investigated by immunohistochemical staining, which showed that expression increased gradually over time compared with the NC group (all, ) and shifted from the portal area to the lobules, demonstrating that liver tissue fibrosis was aggravated in the CCl₄ group (Figure 5(b)).

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Figure 5

Protein expression of p-PDGFR-β, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and Col-1 increased while Mfn-2 decreased gradually under the influence of CCl₄. (a) Protein expressions of Mfn-2, p-PDGFR-β, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and Col-1 of each group at the 14^th, 28^th, 42^nd and 56^th days after the first injection of CCl₄/olive oil detected by western blot. (b) Protein expressions and their location in liver tissue of p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and Col-1 of each group detected by immunohistochemical staining (magnification × 200).

3.6. Upregulated Mfn2 Expression at the Early Stage of Hepatic Fibrosis Alleviated Tissue Damage and the Deposition of Extracellular Collagen

HE staining showed that the histological lesions were alleviated in the Mfn2 group compared with the CCl₄ and GFP groups (Figure 6(a)). Consistent with pathological changes in the liver, the amount of collagen deposition was remarkably decreased in the Mfn2 group (Figure 6(b)). However, such effects were significantly related to actuation duration of Ad-Mfn2. The histological sections revealed that transfection on day 1 of the establishment of the hepatic fibrosis model led to a much lower amount of collagen deposition in the Mfn2 group compared with the CCl₄ and GFP groups by the end of the experiment . As the time of the influence of the Mfn2 gene decreased, the amount of collagen deposition increased gradually. Transfection after the model had been established, that is, day 56, and was followed by no difference between the amount of collagen deposition in the Mfn2 group and the CCl₄ and GFP groups (Figure 6(c)).

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Figure 6

Upregulation of the expression of Mfn-2 at early stage of hepatic fibrosis alleviated tissue damage and the deposition of extracellular collagen. (a, b) The histological lesions and the amount of collagen depositions were alleviated under the administration of Mfn-2, shown by HE and Masson staining. Such effects were significantly related to actuation duration of Ad-Mfn-2 (magnification × 100). (c) Score graded by the Laennec fibrosis scoring system of each group. ^c, vs. control group.

3.7. p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and COL1 Expression Decreased under the Administration of Mfn2 in the Early Stage of Hepatic Fibrosis

As it was shown in Figure 7, Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining indicated that p-PDGFR-β, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and COL1 protein expression was markedly decreased and restricted in the portal area when Ad-Mfn2 was transfected on the first day of CCl₄ injection in the Mfn2 group compared with the CCl₄ and GFP groups . p-PDGFR-β, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and COL1 expression increased gradually with the delay in Ad-Mfn2 transfection and shifted from the portal area to the lobules. Transfection with Ad-Mfn2 when the model had been established, that is, 56 days after the first injection of CCl₄, and was followed by no difference in the expression of the above proteins between the Mfn2, GFP, and CCl₄ groups (Figure 7).

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Figure 7

The expressions of p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and Col-1 decreased under the administration of Mfn-2 at early stage of hepatic fibrosis. (a) Western blot showed that the protein expressions of p-PDGFR-β, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and Col-1 markedly decreased under the administration of Mfn-2, and such effects were significantly related to actuation duration of Ad-Mfn-2. (b–d) Immunohistochemical staining indicated that protein expressions of p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and Col-1 markedly decreased and restricted in portal area under the administration of Mfn-2 (magnification × 200).

4. Discussion

This study was designed to increase our understanding of the function of Mfn2 in HSC proliferation and in CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis. We found that Mfn2 interfered specifically with PDGF-induced signaling, resulting in the inhibition of HSC proliferation. In addition, Mfn2 exhibited an antifibrotic effect at the early stage of fibrosis in vivo.

Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathology of tissue damage and ECM deposition within the liver parenchyma, which may develop into cirrhosis and cancerous lesions. HSC play a critical role in excessive ECM production and secretion, leading to the deposition of collagen and fibrous septum formation [28]. In the present study, HSC proliferation was significantly inhibited after Mfn2 transfection. HSC activation induces the release of PDGF, a highly potent HSC mitogen, which binds to PDGFR-β, activating Ras and sequentially propagating the stimulatory signal via the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway [29, 30]. PDGF regulates cell proliferation and division through phosphorylation by binding to the corresponding receptors on the cell membrane [5, 20, 21]. Moreover, Mfn2 suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway [23]. To explore the underlying mechanism of the antiproliferation effect of Mfn2, we detected the protein expression of PDGFR-β, PI3K, AKT, and their active forms. Our results indicate that Mfn2 treatment dramatically decreased the protein levels of p-PDGFR-β, p-PI3K, and p-AKT, while PDGFR-β, PI3K, and AKT levels were not significantly different from that in the control group. Thus, we believe that Mfn2 blocked the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway by preventing PDGF binding to its receptors in the cell membrane and decreasing the phosphorylation of the corresponding receptor. Interestingly, our results also show that Mfn2 downregulates the expression of TGF-β1, which stimulates ECM synthesis and inhibits its degradation [31]. However, the mechanism is unclear and remains to be addressed in further studies.

The activation of HSC and their transformation into myofibroblast-like cells (MFBLC) are the core events of hepatic fibrosis, while increased α-SMA expression is the hallmark of the process. The activated HSC secrete large amounts of ECM, the components of which include COL1. Accordingly, we considered the expression of p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and COL1 to be appropriate indicators for evaluating the severity of fibrosis, consistent with previous studies [24, 32, 33]. Our data indicate that α-SMA and COL1 expression were significantly decreased under the administration of Mfn2 compared with the GFP control group. As Mfn2 has antiproliferative and antifibrotic potentiality in vitro, we hypothesized that it may have a similar effect in vivo.

Hepatic fibrosis, with pathological features that include fibrous tissue hyperplasia around the portal area and central vein, destruction of the lobular structure, and regenerative nodules, is a progressive disease [34]. Consistent with this, we found that these pathological changes deteriorated gradually in the CCl₄ group compared with the NC group. Vacuolar degeneration of the rat hepatocytes was aggravated gradually; the destruction of the lobular structure changed from fusion necrosis to bridging necrosis, and the affected range expanded as the modeling time was prolonged. ECM secretion increased, resulting in pseudolobuli formation. Liver fibrosis induced by CCl₄ is similar to the mechanism involved in human liver fibrosis, as well as the staging of pathological changes, which are stable and reliable [35, 36]. We therefore considered the CCl₄-induced rat hepatic fibrosis model appropriate for subsequent exploration.

Liver fibrosis, which is mainly manifested by excessive deposition of ECM such as COL1, is a common histological change in chronic liver disease [37]. The collagen content in liver protein increases significantly during liver injury, becoming an important ECM component and ultimately leading to irreversible cirrhotic changes [38, 39]. In addition, ECM synthesis greatly influences HSC proliferation and activation, resulting in the development of fibrosis [40–42]. In the present study, both western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed that p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and COL1 expression increased gradually and extended within the liver parenchyma in the CCl₄ group. Conversely, the NC group had minimal expression of the previously mentioned proteins, and they were restricted to the periportal area, which may represent the normal physiological function of the liver. Accordingly, in our opinion, the expression and location of the previously mentioned proteins are of great relevance to the severity of liver fibrosis. Our data show that p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and COL1 expression was markedly decreased under the administration of Mfn2, and they were restricted around the periportal area compared to that in the GFP and CCl₄ groups. However, this was only observed in the rats that received Mfn2 intervention in the early stage of liver fibrosis; as the actuation duration of CCl₄ was prolonged, the effect of Mfn2 was gradually attenuated. Transfection with Mfn2 when the model had been established led to there being no difference in the expression of the previously mentioned proteins between the Mfn2 group and the CCl₄ group. These results all suggest that the antifibrotic effect of Mfn2 may be related to the inhibition of HSC proliferation, which results in the downregulation of p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and COL1 expression.

5. Conclusion

To conclude, based on our findings, we have established the framework that Mfn2 suppresses rat HSC proliferation and activation via the PI3K-AKT pathway by directly targeting p-PDGFR-β in the process of fibrosis. Moreover, Mfn2 exhibits antifibrotic potential in the early stage of hepatic fibrosis. Hence, Mfn2 probably provides new therapeutic methods for hepatic fibrosis in the near future.

Data Availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Ethical Approval

All experimental protocols were conducted in accordance with the Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines, and all surgeries were performed under anesthesia. The study was approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors have no conficts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Authors’ Contributions

Yunle Wan, Changku Jia, and Zhiping Chen conceived and designed the project. Zhiping Chen, Zeyu Lin, and Haifeng Zhong performed the experiments and acquired the data. Jiandong Yu and Xianhua Zhuo analysed and interpreted the data. Zhiping Chen and Haifeng Zhong wrote the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the article.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 81160037).

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Copyright © 2022 Zhiping Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Mitofusin-2 Restrains Hepatic Stellate Cells’ Proliferation via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway and Inhibits Liver Fibrosis in Rats

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Cell Lines, Cell Culture, and Treatment

2.2. Animals and Experimental Design

2.3. Expression Vectors and Transfection

2.4. Collection of Liver Tissue

2.5. Cell Proliferation

2.6. Western Blot Analysis and Antibodies

2.7. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Masson Staining

2.8. Immunohistochemistry

2.9. Statistical Analysis and Image Processing Software

3. Results

3.1. HSC-T6 Cells Transfected with Ad-Mfn2 Constitutively Expressed Mfn2

3.2. Mfn2 Inhibited HSC-T6 Cell Proliferation

3.3. Mfn2 Suppressed Fibrosis of HSC-T6 Cells via the PDGFR-β-PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway

3.4. Liver Tissue Damage and Interstitial Fibrosis Gradually Deteriorated under the Influence of CCl4

3.5. Protein Expression of p-PDGFR-β, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and COL1 Increased While MFN2 Decreased Gradually in the CCl4 Group

3.6. Upregulated Mfn2 Expression at the Early Stage of Hepatic Fibrosis Alleviated Tissue Damage and the Deposition of Extracellular Collagen

3.7. p-PDGFR-β, α-SMA, and COL1 Expression Decreased under the Administration of Mfn2 in the Early Stage of Hepatic Fibrosis

4. Discussion

5. Conclusion

Data Availability

Ethical Approval

Conflicts of Interest

Authors’ Contributions

Acknowledgments

References

Copyright

3.4. Liver Tissue Damage and Interstitial Fibrosis Gradually Deteriorated under the Influence of CCl₄

3.5. Protein Expression of p-PDGFR-β, TGF-β1, α-SMA, and COL1 Increased While MFN2 Decreased Gradually in the CCl₄ Group