[Retracted] The Effects of Chewing Gum on Reducing Anxiety and Stress: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 2

Summary of study characteristics.

	Country	Sample (N)	Mean age	Male (%)	Intervention			Scale	Outcome
					Treatment group	Intervention time	Evaluation time		Anxiety	Stress
Allen, 2015	UK	126	29 ± 6.7	0.31	Chewing gum	1 day	1 day	HADS, self-report questionnaires	No affect	Cannot reduce
Gray, 2012	UK	40	20.25	50	Chewing gum	>1 week	1 day	HADS		Nonsignificant
Scholey, 2009	Australia	40	21.98 ± 4.79	20	Chewing gum	20 min	1 day	VAMS, STAI	Reduce	Reduce
Sketchley-Kay, 2011	UK	36	20.4	13.9	Chewing gum	25 min	1 day	VAMS,STAI	Reduce
Smith, 2012	UK	72	19.5	8.33	Chewing gum	2 weeks	2 weeks	HADS, PSS	Nonsignificant	Reduce
Torney, 2009	UK	40	20.9	50	Chewing gum	5 min	5 min	VAMS		Cannot reduce
Walker, 2015	Austria	40	25.2 ± 4.3	100	Chewing gum	17 min	17 min	VAMS,SIMKAP		Cannot reduce
Yaman-Sözbir, 2019	Turkey	100	20.5 ± 0.9	13.9	Chewing gum	7 days, 19 days	7 days, 19 days	DASS	Reduce	Reduce