|
| Author, year, and study name | Country and years of data collected | Study population | | Definition of hypogonadism used | Prevalence (%) among patients with disease of interest |
|
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) |
| Kapoor et al., 2007 [56] | UK/not specified | Primary care retinopathy Screening service and medical clinic | 355 men with T2DM | TT < 8 nmol/L
TT 8–12 nmol/L | 17
25 |
| Biswas et al., 2012 [25] | UK/not specified | Medical clinic | 329
T2DM ()
T1DM ()
controls () | TT < 11.9 nM | 45 |
| Chen et al., 2006 [29] | Australia/NZ/1992 to 2000 | Population-based | 195
T2DM ()
Non-T2DM () | TT < 8.0 nmol/L | 14.3 |
| Corona et al., 2006 [36] | Italy/not specified | Medical clinic | 1246
T2DM () | TT < 10.4 nmol/L | 24.5 |
| Anderson et al., 2012 [23] | UK/January 2008–June 2009 | Medical clinic | 387
T2DM ()
T1DM () | TT < 8.0 nmol/L
TT 8–11.99 nmol/L | 4.4
32.1 |
| Talukder et al., 2010 [87] | India/May 2008–April 2009 | Medical clinic | 420
T2DM ()
non-T2DM () | Symptoms/signs of hypogonadism and TT ≤ 12 nmol/L | 34.7 |
| Dhindsa et al., 2004 [40] | US/not specified | Medical clinic | 103
men with T2DM | TT < 300 ng/dL | 33 |
| Grossmann et al., 2008 [48] | Australia/not specified | Medical clinic | 649
T2DM ()
T1DM () | TT < 10 nmol/L | 43 |
| Grossmann et al., 2009 [47] | Australia/2005 | Medical clinic | 464 men with T2DM | TT < 10 nmol/L | 43 |
| La Vignera et al., 2009 [61] | Italy/not specified | Medical clinic | 110 men with T2DM | TT < 231 ng/mL | 10 |
| Ogbera et al., 2011 [71] | Nigeria/December 2009 to May 2010 | Medical clinic | 203 men with T2DM | TT < 8 nmol/L | 36 |
| Hackett et al., 2009 [50] | UK/September 2007 and May 2008 | Medical clinic | 488 men with T2DM |
TT < 8 nmol/LTT 8–12 nmol/L | 15.5
33.8 |
| Ganesh et al., 2009 [45] | India/not specified | Medical clinic | 100 men with T2DM | cFT < 64.8 pg/mL (0.225 nmol/L) | 15 |
|
| T2DM + obesity or metabolic syndrome (MetS) |
|
Ogbera 2011 [70] | Nigeria/December 2009 to May 2010 | Medical clinic | 203 men with T2DM
+ MetS () | T2DM + TT < 12 nmol/L | 36 |
| T2DM + MetS | 43 |
| T2DM + MetS + low TT | 47 |
|
Dhindsa et al., 2010 [39] | US/not specified | Medical clinic | 1849 | FT < 300 ng/dL or 10.4 nmol/L: | |
| Obesity + T2DM () | Obesity and T2DM | 51 |
| Obesity () | Obese | 31 |
|
| Obesity |
| Hofstra et al., 2008 [54] | The Netherlands/not specified | Medical clinic | 160 obese males | TT < 11 nmol/L | 57.7 |
|
Pellitero et al., 2012 [74] | Spain/not specified | Clinical research center | 33 obese males | TT < 300 ng/dL | 78.8 |
| TT < 200 ng/dL + FT <65 pg/mL | 100 |
| TT < 300 but >200 ng/dL | 23.1 |
| FT low and TT > 300 ng/dL | 3.85 |
|
Allan et al., 2006 [22] | Australia/May 2001–February 2003 | Community-based | 223 | TT < 8 nmol/L plus symptoms | |
| Obese () | Obese | 15 |
| Nonobese () | Nonobese | 3 |
|
| MetS |
| Laaksonen et al., 2005 [62] | Finland/1987–2001 | Population-based | 854 men with MetS | TT < 11 nmol/L | 10.7 |
| Singh et al., 2011 [83] | India/not specified | Medical clinic | 95 men with MetS | FT < 0.225 nmol/L | 30.2 |
| Caldas et al., 2009 [27] | Brazil/January 2003 to March 2007 | Medical clinic | 80 men with MetS | TT < 300 ng/dL | 30.0 |
|
| Cardiac disease |
| Jankowska et al., 2006 [55] | Poland/October 2001 to November 2002 | Medical clinic | 574
CHF ()
health controls () | Serum TT and FT levels at or below the 10th percentile of healthy peers | 13–39 (by age) |
| Wang et al., 2010 [94] | China/March 1, 2005, to May 31, 2007 | Medical clinic | 175 men with CHF | Serum levels at or below the 10th percentile of healthy peers | 21.7 |
| Serra et al., 2012 [84] | Italy/not specified | Medical clinic | 52 male heart transplantation recipients | TT < 10.4 nmol/L | 34.6 |
| Florvaag et al., 2012 [44] | Germany/not specified | Medical clinic | 137 male heart failure patients | Free testosterone (age-related cut-off values) | 39 |
| Malkin et al., 2010 [67] | UK/June 2000 and June 2002 | Medical clinic | 930 men with coronary disease | TT < 8.1 nmol/L | 16.9 |
| Wehr et al., 2010 [95] | Germany/1997 to 2000 | Medical clinic | 2299 men who were routinely referred for coronary angiography | T < 11.3 nmol/L | 18 |
| Lerchbaum et al., 2012 [65] | Germany/1997–2000 | Medical clinic | 2069 men with coronary disease | TT < 11.3 nM | 18.4 |
|
| Erectile dysfunction (ED) |
|
Köhler et al., 2008 [59] | US/1987 to 2002 | Chart review | 2794 men presenting for ED evaluation | TT < 300 ng/dL | 23 |
| Bunch et al., 2002 [26] | US/1996 to 1999 | Chart review | 501 men with ED | TT < 300 ng/dL | 44 |
| Corona et al., 2009 [33] | Italy/not specified | Chart review | 2302 men with ED | TT < 12 nmol/L + symptoms | 28.1 |
| Arafa et al., 2012 [24] | Egypt/not specified | Medical clinic | 212 men T2DM + ED | TT < 300 ng/dL + symptoms | 41 |
| Guay et al., 2010 [49] | US/July 1995 to July 1997 | Chart review | 990 with men ED | 10.4 nmol/L + symptoms | 36.3 |
| Makhlouf et al., 2008 [66] | US/July 2001 to June 2003 | Medical clinic | 157 men with ED | TT < 300 mg/dL | 36 |
| Corona et al., 2007 [35] | Italy/not specified | Medical clinic | 1134 men with ED | TT < 10.4 nmol/L | 16.9 |
| Corona et al., 2010 [37] | Italy/2000 to 2007 | Medical clinic | 1687 men with ED | TT 230–300 ng/dL no symptoms | 13.3 |
| Corona et al., 2009 [34] | Italy/January 2001 to April 2008 | Medical clinic | 1093 men with ED | | |
| Somani et al., 2010 [85] | UK/March 2007–August 2008 | Medical clinic | 124 men with ED | Low TT (not further defined) | 23.4 |
| Corona et al., 2010 [32] | Italy/January 2001–April 2009 | Medical chart review | 3712 men with sexual dysfunction | TT <8 nmol/L + symptoms | 7.5 |
| Tan et al., 2011 [88] | Multiethnic Asia/Pacific/2003 | Medical chart review | 1046
ED () | TT < 10.4 nmol/L | 20.4 |
| Hamidi et al., 2012 [52] | Iran/November 2009 to August 2010 | Medical clinic | 241 men with ED | FT < 5 ng/dL | 36.5 |
|
| HIV |
| Klein et al., 2005 [58] | US/not specified | Community-based | 502 (had or at risk of HIV) | TT < 300 ng/dL | 45.6 |
| Crum-Cianflone et al., 2007 [38] | US/September 2004 to May 2005 | HIV medical clinic | 300 HIV+ | TT < 300 ng/dL | 17 |
| Wahlstrom et al., 2000 [93] | US/not specified | Observational study | 20 HIV+ | T ≤ 410 ng/dL | 25 |
| Collazos et al., 2009 [31] | Spain/not specified | Medical chart review | 188 HIV+ | T < 2.6 ng/mL | 3.7 |
| Wunder et al., 2007 [96] | Switzerland/not specified | Cohort study | 139 HIV+ | FT below the age-adjusted normal limits | 70 |
| Wagner et al., 1995 [92] | US/not specified | Study setting (baseline data) | 234 HIV+ | TT ≤ 400 ng/dL | 38 |
| Rietschel et al., 2000 [78] | US/November 1997–April 1999 | Cohort study | 90 HIV+ | Low TT/FT | 19 |
|
| Respiratory disease |
| Laghi et al., 2005 [64] | US/not specified | Cohort study | 101 men with COPD | FT < 50 pg/mL | 37.6 |
| Kirbas et al., 2007 [57] | Turkey/November 2004 to July 2006 | Medical clinic | 96 men with obstructive sleep apnea | TT < 2.62 ng/mL | 19.8 |
| Halabi et al., 2011 [51] | US/not specified | Medical clinic | 104 men with COPD | FT < 35 pg/mL for patients <70 years; FT < 30 pg/mL for patients ≥70 years | 33.6 |
|
| Depression |
|
Hintikka et al., 2009 [53] | Finland/1998, 1999, 2001, and 2005 | Population-based | 116
with and without psychological symptoms | FT < 160 pmol/L plus BDI scores: | |
| +depressive symptoms | 28.8 |
| −depressive symptoms | 10.5 |
|
McIntyre et al., 2006 [68] | Canada/not specified | Medical clinic | 94 men with and without depression | TT < 12.14 nmol/L: | |
| Men with depression | 34 |
| Men without depression | 6 |
|
| Cancer |
| Tromp et al., 2011 [91] | The Netherlands/2008 | Medical clinics | 565 male 5-year survivors of childhood cancer | T < 11.0 nmol/L | 12.4 |
| Lackner et al., 2007 [63] | Austria/not specified | Medical clinic | 68 men with testicular cancer | T < 3.0 ng/mL + symptoms | 33.8 |
|
Pühse et al., 2011 [75] | Germany/2004 | Medical clinic | 376 men with testicular germ-cell cancer (TGCC) | TT 2.84 ng/mL or 9.85 nmol/L | ~25 |
| Fleishman et al., 2010 [43] | US/July 2007 through July 2009 | Medical clinic | 428 male patients with nontestosterone-related cancer | TT < 300 ng/dL | 48 |
| Salonia et al., 2011 [80] | Italy/June 2006 and June 2008 | Medical clinic | 673 prostate cancer patients | TT < 3 ng/mL | 21.4% |
| Greenfield et al., 2007 [46] | US/not specified | Medical clinic | 389 cancer survivors | TT < 10 nmol/L | 13.6 |
|
Rajagopal et al., 2004 [76] | US/not specified | Chart review | 40 cancer survivors | <345 ng/dL | |
| All | 65 |
| On opioids | 90 |
| Not on opioids | 40 |
| Schatzl et al., 2001 [82] | Austria/January 1999–April 2000 | Medical clinic | 156 men with prostate cancer | TT <3.0 ng/mL | 33.3 |
| Romerius et al., 2009 [79] | Sweden/2004–2006 | Medical clinic | 292 men with history of childhood treatment of cancer or brain tumor | T < 10 nmol/L | 23 |
|
| Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) |
| Tengstrand et al., 2002 [89] | Sweden/not specified | Medical clinic | 104 patients with RA | <6.5 nmol/L–8.1 nmol/L
(age dependent) | 31.7 |
|
| Osteoporosis |
| Fink et al., 2006 [42] | US/March 2000 to April 2002 | Medical clinics | 3674 men with osteoporosis | TT < 200 ng/dL | 6.9 |
| Clapauch et al., 2008 [30] | Brazil/January 2005 | Medical clinic | 216 men with osteoporosis | cFT < 6.5 ng/dL + symptoms | 25 |
|
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) |
| Yilmaz et al., 2011 [97] | Turkey/March 2006 to June 2010 | Medical clinic | 239 men with CKD | TT 10 nmol/L | 33 |
| Carrero et al., 2011 [28] | Sweden/June 1999 and October 2007 | Medical clinics | 260 men with ESRD | TT < 10 nmol/L | 44 |
| Kyriazis et al., 2011 [60] | Greece/October 2005 and December 2006 | Medical clinic | 111 male hemodialysis patients | TT < 8 nmol/L | 49 |
| Albaaj et al., 2006 [21] | UK/not specified | Medical clinic | 214 male patients with CKD or ESRD | TT < 10 nmol/L | 26.2 |
|
| Myopathies |
| Travison et al., 2008 [90] | Canada/3-year study | Medical clinic | 59 men with myopathies | 10–30 nmol/L | 54 |
| Durga et al., 2011 [41] | US/July 2006 to April 2007 | Medical clinic | 60 men with spinal cord injuries | TT < 325 ng/dL | 43.3 |
| Okun et al., 2002 [73] | US/not specified | Medical clinic | 68 men with PD | FT < 70 pg/mL | 35 |
| Abbasi et al., 1994 [20] | US/not specified | Medical clinic | 102 men with poststroke hemiplegia | TT < 2.5 percentile of the healthy old men | 17 |
|
| Miscellaneous diseases |
| Schatzl et al., 2000 [81] | Austria/October 1998 to May 1999 | Medical clinic | 312 men with lower urinary tract symptoms | T < 3 ng/mL | 22.1 |
| Rhoden et al., 2005 [77] | Brazil/January 2000 to December 2001 | Medical clinic | 746 urological patients | TT < 13.87 nmol/L | 24.5 |
| Taddesse et al., 2012 [86] | US/September 21 to December 21, 2010 | Medical clinic | 34 men with sickle cell | T ≤ 250 ng/dL | 24 |
| Okun et al., 2004 [72] | US/not specified | Chart review | 118 men with PD + AD | PD + T < 325 ng/mL
AD + T < 325 ng/mL | 35
38 |
| Moreno et al., 2009 [69] | US/January 2006 to January 2008 | Medical chart review | 121 men with Peyronie's disease | TT < 300 ng/dL | 29.5 |
|
