|
| | | Immune Modulation | |
Treatment | Indication | Characteristics/principle | Component | Effect | Ref. | Species |
|
Radiofrequency | Clinical indication: primary and | Mechanism: application of | Cytokines | + | [51–54] | Human |
(RF) ablation | secondary malignancies in liver, | alternating RF current through tip | Danger | + | [55–61] | Animal |
| kidney, lung, and bone | applicator placed around and in | signals | + | [62, 63] | Human |
| [2, 8, 17, 49] | tumor tissue resulting in heat and | Granulocytes | + | [64, 65] | Animal |
| | coagulative necrosis | | | [54, 66] | Human |
| Experimental application: tumors | | NK cells | + | [61] | Animal |
| of the breast [50] | Approach: percutaneous, open, | | + | [67] | Human |
| | and intraoperative | Monocytes/ | + | [66] | Animal |
| | | Macrophages | | | |
| | Image guidance: US, CT, and MRI | DC | + | [68, 69] | Animal |
| | | | | [51] | Human |
| | | T cells* | + | [49, 57, 65, 68–74] | Animal |
| | | | + | [70, 75–78] | Human |
| | |
Treg | − | [54] | Human |
| | | B cells | + | [75] | Human |
| | | Antibodies* | + | [78] | Human |
|
Cryoablation | Clinical indication: primary and | Mechanism: application of cold | Cytokines | + | [39, 83] | Animal |
| secondary malignancies in liver, | through gaseous evaporation at | | + | [36, 84, 85] | Human |
| kidney, and prostate, as well as | the tip of a cryoprobe. Repetitive | Danger | ? | | |
| dermatologic and ophthalmologic | freezing and thawing cycles lead to | signals | | | |
| tumors [4, 33, 79, 80]. | direct cellular damage through ice | Granulocytes | + | [86] | Animal |
| Experimental Application: tumors | crystals, vascular and endothelial | NK cells | + | [83] | Animal |
| of the breast [81]. | injury, and eventually thrombosis | | + | [87] | Human |
| | and ischemia [79, 82] resulting in | Monocytes/ | + | [86, 88] | Animal |
| | coagulative necrosis and apoptosis | Macrophages | | | |
| | at the ablation margin | DC | + | [69] | Animal |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | Approach: percutaneous, open, | T cells | + | [38, 69, 79, 83, 89–98] | Animal |
| | intraoperative | | + | [85, 87, 99–102] | Human |
| | |
Treg | + | [103, 104] | Animal |
| | | | − | [105] | Human |
| | Image guidance: US, CT, and MRI | B cells | + | [91] | Animal |
| | | Antibodies* | + | [86, 106–113] | Animal |
| | | | + | [41, 87, 114–116] | Human |
|
Microwave | Clinical indication: mainly used for | Mechanism: application of | Cytokines | ? | [117] | Animal |
ablation therapy | treatment of HCC, but also other | microwaves through tip applicator | Danger | + | | |
(MWA) | primary and | leading to coagulative necrosis | signals | | | |
| secondary | [21] | Granulocytes | ? | | |
| malignancies of the liver [21, 22] | | NK cells | + | [118] | Animal |
| | Approach: percutaneous, open, | | + | [119] | Human |
| | and intraoperative | Monocytes/ | + | [119] | Human |
| | | Macrophages | | | |
| | | DC | ? | | |
| | Image guidance: US, CT, and MRI | T cells | + | [118] | Animal |
| | | | + | [22, 119, 120] | Human |
| | |
Treg | ? | | |
| | | B cells | + | [22] | Human |
| | | Antibodies | ? | | |
|
High-intensity | Experimental application: primary | Mechanism: application of focused | Cytokines | ? | | |
focused | and secondary malignancies in | ultrasound beams of | Danger | + | [122] | Human |
Ultrasound | breast, liver, pancreas, kidney, | high-intensity resulting in | signals | | | |
(HIFU) | bone, prostate, and | coagulative necrosis | Granulocytes | ? | | |
| soft-tissue-tumors [121] | | NK cells | + | [123] | Human |
| | | Monocytes/ | ? | | |
| | Approach: noninvasive | Macrophages | | | |
| | | DC | ? | | |
| | Image guidance: noninvasive | T cells | + | [121, 124] | Animal |
| | real-time US | | + | [27, 125, 126] | Human |
| | |
Treg | ? | | |
| | | B cells | + | [27] | Human |
| | | Antibodies | ? | | |
|
Laser induced | Clinical indication: broadly applied | Mechanism: placement of multiple | Cytokines | + | [130] | Human |
thermotherapy | for photocoagulation in retinal | simultaneous fired laser fibers into | Danger signals | + | [131] | Animal |
(LITT) | disease [127], primary, and | a tumor resulting in coagulative necrosis [129] | Granulocytes | | | |
| secondary malignancies of the | | NK cells | ? | | |
| liver [128] | | | | | |
| Experimental application: primary | Approach: percutaneous | Monocytes/ | ? | | |
| and secondary malignancies of the | | Macrophages | | | |
| breast, brain, bone, and prostate | | DC | ? | | |
| [129] | Image guidance: MRI, CT, and US | T cells | + | [128, 132] | Animal |
| | |
Treg | ? | | |
| | | B cells | ? | | |
| | | Antibodies | ? | | |
|