Cytokines: The Future of Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants

Table 1

Cytokines enhance antigen-specific immunity following nasal delivery with antigen in mice.

Cytokine			Serum antigen-specific IgG		Mucosal antigen-specific IgA		Antigen-specific cell lysis		Survival following challenge
	Reference	Ag	Ag alone	Ag + Cytokine	Ag alone	Ag + Cytokine	Ag alone	Ag + Cytokine	Ag	Ag alone	Ag + Cytokine
IL-1	[21]; [22]	TT; PspA; HA	1 : 1,176; <1 : 32; <0.05^a	1 : 356,722; 1 : 50,766; 0.4^a	V: <1 : 16; V: <1 : 16; N: <0.2^b	V: 1,448; V: 1 : 37; N:  0.6^b	N/A	N/A	TT; S. pneumoniae; H1N1	10%; 0%; 10%	100%; 68%; 80–85%
IL-2	[23]; [24]	TTFC; ca Sing	1 : 10,000; N/A	1 : 100,000; N/A	N/A; N: 1 : 50	N/A; N: 1 : 200	N/A	N/A	N/A; H2N2	N/A; 57%	N/A; 100%
IL-6	[25]	TT	1 : 4,096	1 : 1,048,576	V: 1 : 4	V: 1 : 4	N/A	N/A	TT	0%	100%
IL-12	[26]; [25]	BHV gD; TT	Undetect.; 1 : 4,096	1 : 75,000; 1 :  2,097,152	L: 1 : 66; V: 1 : 4	L: 1 : 577; V: 1 : 23	N/A	N/A	N/A; TT	N/A; 0%	N/A; 100%
IL-15	[27]	gBDNA	1 : 19,061	1 : 22,000	V: 1 : 126	V: 1 : 505	~35%	~42%	HSV	33%	83%
Flt3L	[28]; [29]	OVA; Ad^c	1 : 4,096; 1 : 8,194	1 : 524,288; 1 : 131,072	N: 1 : 4; N: 1 : 8	N: 1 : 128; N: 1 : 32	N/A; 30%	N/A; 75%	N/A	N/A	N/A
GM-CSF	[30]; [31]	HIV; DNA; HIV^d	1 : 4,000; <1 : 10	1 : 16,000; 1 : 10,000	F: 1 : 5,700; N/A	F: 1 : 16,000; N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
MIP-1α	[32]	OVA	1 : 128	1 : 131,072	N: <1 : 2	N: 1 : 9	0%	50%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Type I IFN	[33]; [34]	HA; HA	1 : 200; 1 : 10,000	1 : 35,000; 1 : 316,000	N: 1 : 100; B: 1 : 630	N: 1 : 300; B:   1 : 6,300	N/A	N/A	H1N1; H1N1	60%; 40%	100%; 100%

^aIndicates OD₄₅₀ at a dilution of 1 : 5000.
^bIndicates OD₄₅₀ at a dilution of 1 : 30.
^cAdenovirus.
^dHIV C4-V3 MN peptide.
N: nasal lavage; V: vaginal lavage; F: fecal extract: B: bronchoalveolar lavage.