Journal of Immunology Research

Review Article

Expression of the Autoimmune Regulator Gene and Its Relevance to the Mechanisms of Central and Peripheral Tolerance

Table 1

AIRE expression (AIRE mRNA and AIRE protein) in human extra-thymic systems, organs, and tissues.


Systems, organs, tissues	AIRE expression negative or negligibly positive		AIRE expression moderately or strongly positive
Systems, organs, tissues	Techniques	Cell types	Techniques	Cell types

Bone marrow	NB [4] RT-PCR [18] IHC [18]		NB [5]

Lymph nodes	IHC [18] FC [20]	CD14⁻ cells [20] B lymphocytes [18] T lymphocytes [18] Monocytes [18] Macrophages [18] DCs (plasmacytoid) [18] Epithelial cells [18] Endothelial cells [18]	NB [4, 5] isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [10, 11, 18] IF [10] FC [20]	Neutrophilic granulocytes [11] Lymphocytes [11] CD14⁺ cells [20] DCs (myeloid-lineage) [10, 18]

Spleen	NB [4] RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [18]		NB [5] isH [10] IHC [10, 11]	Neutrophilic granulocytes [11] Lymphocytes (red-pulp) [11]

GALT			RT-PCR [18] IHC [18]

Fetal liver			NB [4, 5] isH [10] IHC [10]

Adult liver	NB [4] isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] WB [12] IHC [10, 18]

Peripheral blood leukocytes	NB [4] RT-PCR [13, 16, 19] ICC [10, 13] FC [20]	Neutrophilic granulocytes [13] PBMCs [16] CD14⁻ cells [16] B lymphocytes [19] T lymphocytes [20] CD4⁺ T lymphocytes [13, 20] CD8⁺ T lymphocytes [19, 20] Monocytes [16, 19] DCs (myeloid-lineage) [16]	NB [5] RT-PCR [11, 13–15, 19, 20] ICC [11, 13] IF [11, 12] FC [20]	Neutrophilic granulocytes [11] PBMCs [11, 13, 19] PBLs [11, 12] B lymphocytes [20] T lymphocytes [19, 20] CD4⁺ T lymphocytes [19] CD14⁺ cells [20] Monocytes [11, 13, 14] DCs (myeloid-lineage) [13–15, 19] DCs (plasmacytoid) [15]

Skeletal muscle	RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [18]

Cartilage and bone	RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [18]		RT-PCR [21]	Chondrocytes [21]

Heart and blood vessels	isH [10] RT-PCR [18] IHC [10, 18]

Respiratory system (upper and lower tract)	isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [10, 18]

Gastrointestinal system (upper tract, small and large bowel, salivary glands)	RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [18]		NB [4]

Endocrine glands (parathyroid glands, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal gland)	NB [4] isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] WB [12] IHC [10, 18]		NB [5]

Genito-urinary system, placenta, mammary gland	isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [10, 18]		NB [5]

Skin and annexes	isH [10] RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [10, 18]		RT-PCR [22] IF [22, 23]	Keratinocytes (epidermal and HF) [23]

Central and peripheral nervous system	RT-PCR [16, 18] IHC [18]

Eye and annexes	RT-PCR [18] IHC [18]

AIRE: autoimmune regulator, GALT: gut-associated lymphoid tissue, PBMCs: peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBLs: peripheral blood lymphocytes, DCs: dendritic cells, HF: hair-follicle, CD: cluster of differentiation, NB: Northern blotting, isH: in situ hybridization, RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, WB: Western blotting, IHC: immunohistochemistry, ICC: immunocytochemistry, IF: immunofluorescence, and FC: flow cytometry.