Blocking Type I Interferon Production: A New Therapeutic Option to Reduce the HIV-1-Induced Immune Activation

Table 1

Effect of chloroquine on the HIV-1 and SIV-induced type I interferon production and/or subsequent immune activation in vitro and in vivo.

Study	Design	Species	Read-out
[33, 40]	In vitro	Human	Reduced IFN-alpha production
[51]	In vitro	Rhesus	Reduced IFN-alpha production
[89]	In vitro	Human	Reduced IFN-alpha production, reduced CD8+ T-cell activation (CD38), block of negative modulators of the T-cell response (IDO, PDL-1), reduced PDC activation and maturation
[91]	In vivo	Human	Reduced CD8+ cell activation (CD38+ HLA-DR+), reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell proliferation (Ki-67)
[92]	In vivo	Human	Reduced CD4+ T-cell proliferation (Ki-67), reduced activation of CD8+ T cells (CD38+ HLA-DR+) and monocytes (CD69), reduced plasma LPS levels, reduced proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha), increase in CD4+ T-cell percentages