Review Article

Gender Differences in the Pathogenesis and Outcome of Lupus and of Lupus Nephritis

Table 1

Nonrenal manifestations of SLE more prominent in males by cohort.

CohortLaboratory abnormalities found increased in malesClinical manifestations increased in malesClinical manifestations decreased in males

LUMINA [4]Lupus anticoagulantOrgan damage accrualMusculoskeletal (MSK) disease

Hopkins [16]LymphopeniaNeuropsychiatricMalar rash
anti-SmRenalPhotosensitivity
direct Coombs Cardiovascular diseaseOral ulcers
Lupus anti-coagulantPeripheral vascular diseaseAlopecia
low C3Raynaud’s phenomenon
anti-dsDNAArthralgia

Mok [1]ThrombocytopeniaDiscoid lesionsMSK disease
Cardiovascular damageAlopecia
Raynaud’s disease

GLADEL [12]LeukopeniaConstitutional symptomsArthralgia
LymphopeniaNeurologic manifestationsMSK disease
Hemolytic anemiaat onsetSkin disease
ThrombocytopeniaCardiovascular disease
IgG ACL AbArterial HTN
Low C3

Molina [8]dsDNA abArthritisRaynaud’s disease
Vascular thrombosis
CNS manifestations
Cardiopulmonary disease

Stefanidou [13]ThrombocytopeniaStrokeAlopecia
APLSArthralgia
GI symptomsPhotosensitivity
Vascular thrombosisRaynaud’s disease