Chronic Gastritis in Dermatitis Herpetiformis: A Controlled Study

Alakoski, Anna; Salmi, Teea T.; Hervonen, Kaisa; Kautiainen, Hannu; Salo, Maarit; Kaukinen, Katri; Reunala, Timo; Collin, Pekka

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/640630

Journal of Immunology Research

On this page

Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusion References Copyright Related Articles

Special Issue

Novel Advances in Dermatitis Herpetiformis

View this Special Issue

Clinical Study | Open Access

Volume 2012 | Article ID 640630 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/640630

Chronic Gastritis in Dermatitis Herpetiformis: A Controlled Study

Anna Alakoski,¹Teea T. Salmi,^1,2Kaisa Hervonen,^1,2Hannu Kautiainen,³Maarit Salo,⁴Katri Kaukinen,^2,5Timo Reunala,^1,2and Pekka Collin^2,5

Academic Editor: Alessio Fasano

Received09 Jan 2012

Accepted27 Feb 2012

Published26 Apr 2012

Abstract

Background and Objective. Previous small studies suggest that chronic atrophic gastritis is common in dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). We here examined the frequency and topography of chronic gastritis in 93 untreated DH subjects and in 186 controls with dyspepsia. Methods. Specimens were drawn from the gastric corpus and antrum and examined for atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and Helicobacter pylori. Duodenal biopsies were taken. Results. Atrophic corpus gastritis was more frequent in DH than in controls (16.0% and 2.7%, resp., ); atrophy in the antrum was rare in both groups (3.2% and 1.1%, ). Intestinal metaplasia was present in 13 (14.0%) DH and 12 (6.5%) control patients () and H. pylori in 17 (18.3%) and 17 (9.3%) (), respectively. Small-bowel villous atrophy was seen in 76% of the DH patients, equally in patients with and without chronic gastritis. One DH patient with atrophic gastritis developed gastric cancer. Conclusion. In DH, chronic atrophic gastritis was common in the corpus, but not in the antrum. H. pylori will partly explain this, but corpus atrophy is suggestive of an autoimmune etiology. Atrophic gastritis may increase the risk of gastric cancer. We advocate performing upper endoscopy with sufficient histologic samples in DH.

1. Introduction

The majority of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) evince small-bowel mucosal damage or inflammation similar to that in classic or early-stage celiac disease [1, 2]. Patients rarely suffer from abdominal symptoms, and irrespective of small-bowel mucosal morphology, the rash in DH responds to a gluten-free diet, the treatment of choice for the condition [3, 4]. Coeliac disease and DH share a similar genetic background and occur frequently in the same families; even identical twins may have different phenotypes [5, 6]. Tissue-type transglutaminase is the major autoantigen in coeliac disease, but an immune response to epidermal transglutaminase is probably essential for the development of DH, although this is not fully proven [7, 8]. Altogether, DH is indisputably an extraintestinal manifestation of coeliac disease.

Again similarly to coeliac disease, autoimmune conditions occur together with DH [9]. Earlier studies indicate that chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) is common in DH and may be of autoimmune origin, but the data are based on a limited number of patients only [10–12]. Helicobacter pylori infection is the main agent causing chronic gastritis [13, 14], but autoimmune gastritis may also occur. H. pylori gastritis is often patchy and affects the antral mucosa, whereas autoimmune gastritis occurs typically in the corpus of the stomach.

The Sydney System is a systematic approach to determine the topography, morphology, etiology, and severity of gastritis [15]. It has not previously been applied in DH. Small-intestinal biopsy helps to estimate the severity of villous atrophy but is not necessary for the ultimate diagnosis of DH. Provided that CAG is common in patients with DH, this would constitute a further indication for endoscopy. In the present study we examined the occurrence of CAG and H. pylori, as classified by the Sydney System, in a large series of DH patients sampled over the past 20 years. The histologic data were compared to those from patients of similar sex and age who were suffering from dyspepsia.

2. Material and Methods

The study was carried out over the period 1990–2009 at the Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital. The cohort comprised 93 patients with DH, from whom biopsy samples had been taken from duodenum and from stomach for the classification of gastritis according to the Sydney System. The diagnosis of DH was based on the typical clinical picture and direct immunofluorescence showing granular IgA deposits in the papillary dermis in the uninvolved skin [16]. Patients’ medical records were examined. Duodenal biopsy specimens were graded as subtotal villous atrophy, partial villous atrophy, and normal mucosa. Gastric mucosal atrophy was graded from 0 to 3, grade 0 indicating normal morphology and 3 the most severe involvement, in line with the Sydney System [15]. H. pylori was not graded, since a positive finding anywhere in the stomach was considered diagnostic for the infection. The patients with DH were regularly followed up in the special outpatient clinic for 1-2 years [17]. A questionnaire was sent to all DH patients who were alive in 2011, and it included questions on adherence to the gluten-free diet, the use of dapsone, and the occurrence of associated diseases and malignancies.

The control group comprised patients suffering from dyspepsia and undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy at the Regional Hospital of our catchment area in 2009–2011. Two control patients of similar sex and age (±5 years) and no small-bowel mucosal villous atrophy were chosen for each DH case, the final series thus consisting of 186 control subjects.

The statistical differences between DH and control patients and DH patients with and without CAG were calculated by chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test when appropriate. Odds ratios were given with 95% confidence intervals.

The study was based on the case records, and permission to read these was obtained. A statement of the Ethical Committee was not considered obligatory.

3. Results

Atrophy of the corpus and intestinal metaplasia were significantly more common in DH than in the control subjects (Table 1). By contrast, there was no significant difference between the groups in the occurrence of antral atrophy, which was altogether a relatively uncommon finding. The mean score for atrophy in the corpus was 1.6 in DH patients and 2.3 in control subjects.

Seven (44%) DH patients with CAG had associated intestinal metaplasia in the body of the stomach and additional two patients in the antrum (Table 2). H. pylori infection was significantly more frequent in DH than in controls (18% and 9%, resp., Table 1). One patient (no. 3, Table 2) with pangastritis and intestinal metaplasia in the initial biopsy developed gastric cancer one year later. Forty-four percent of DH patients with CAG showed H. pylori in the gastric mucosa, compared to 14% without CAG (Table 3).

Table 3 shows the 16 DH patients with CAG to be older (mean 63 years) than the 78 without (mean 44 years). Small-intestinal villous atrophy was found in 76.6% of patients with DH and was equally common in patients with and without CAG. Thirty percent of patients with DH reported abdominal complaints; again, there was no significant difference between patients with or without CAG (Table 3).

All 16 DH patients with CAG started a gluten-free diet after the diagnosis of DH, nine in addition using daily 25 mg to 50 mg of dapsone to control the rash. All maintained a strict diet and no longer needed dapsone at the end of the followup.

Associated autoimmune diseases were found in three DH patients with CAG; one had hypothyroidism, one pernicious anaemia and Graves’ disease, and one vitiligo (Table 2). One DH patient with CAG developed prostate cancer, and two patients had had breast cancer before the diagnosis of DH.

4. Discussion

The frequency of CAG in the corpus was significantly more common in the DH patients than in the control subjects suffering from dyspepsia. No such a difference was seen in the antrum of the stomach. Previously, Primignani et al. [12] conducted a study in 57 Italian patients with DH and found a prevalence of CAG of 30%, compared to 15% in non-DH control subjects with dyspepsia (). Patients with DH do not usually suffer from dyspepsia, and therefore the control group was not analogous to the study group. Storskrubb et al. [18] carried out esophago-gastroduodenoscopy at random for 1000 Swedish adults. The overall frequency of corpus atrophy was 5% and antrum atrophy 2%. Our data thus indicate that atrophic corpus gastritis is more common in patients with DH than in the population in general.

H. pylori infection is common in CAG [13, 14, 19]. In line with this, the present DH patients with CAG had H. pylori significantly more often than those without CAG. This may be partly explained by the age difference; H. pylori is more common in older people, and our patients with GAG were older that those without (Table 3). However, the presence of H. pylori in all DH patients (18.3%) was significantly higher than among dyspeptic control subjects with a similar age distribution (9.1%, Table 1). By comparison, Crabtree et al. [20] examined 58 DH patients in Britain and by serological methods found H. pylori IgG antibodies in 63% of patients, this frequency being however only slightly higher than in other dermatological patients.

There are some limitations to the present study. It was based on the case records, and it was not possible to re-read the biopsy samples. Nevertheless, we considered that the activity of gastritis, as defined by the Sydney System, [15] would have been unreliable to analyze here. Circulating parietal cell and intrinsic factor antibodies could not be determined. Our DH patients were recruited during the years 1990–2009, whereas the controls were enrolled later, in 2009–2011. This may have affected the results in that during the last decades, the prevalence of H. pylori has decreased in Finland and elsewhere [21]. However, all but two DH patients with CAG and also patients with H. pylori were diagnosed in 2000–2009.

Previous studies have shown that patients with DH similar to those with celiac disease frequently have associated autoimmune conditions such as thyroid diseases and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [9, 22, 23]. In the present study two DH patients with CAG had thyroid disease, one of them also pernicious anemia and one patient vitiligo. Due to the limitations of the study, we cannot be sure whether the CAG in the present DH patients was of autoimmune origin. However, this is quite possible judging from the topography of CAG, that is antrum-sparing gastritis [15], and the overall autoimmune nature of DH [23].

CAG is known to be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancers, which seems to decrease after eradication of H. pylori [24, 25]. One of our DH patients with CAG developed gastric cancer one year after the diagnosis of DH. Prior to this, he had shown pangastric atrophy and moderate intestinal metaplasia without H. pylori infection. The patient had adhered strictly to a gluten-free diet since the diagnosis; the small-bowel mucosa showed no atrophy, and the rash was controlled without dapsone. Similarly, the small-bowel mucosa and the rash in the other DH patients with CAG responded well to GFD treatment. In contrast, CAG persisted in all 4 patients subjected to control biopsies, indicating that CAG in DH does not respond to gluten withdrawal, as also previously documented [26, 27]. Patients with DH run an increased risk of lymphoma [28, 29], but previous large DH studies have not shown any increased risk of gastric or other cancers [28, 30]. Whether persisting CAG in DH involves a risk of gastric cancer is a possibility which should be examined in further studies.

5. Conclusion

The present controlled study showed that patients with DH have at the time of the diagnosis a significantly increased frequency of CAG in the corpus but not in the antrum. In addition to H. pylori infection, autoimmune mechanisms may be implicated in the development of gastritis. The DH patients here did not present with any specific gastrointestinal symptoms. One DH patient with CAG developed gastric cancer. In untreated DH we recommend upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, upon which biopsy specimens should be taken not only from the duodenum but also from the gastric corpus and antrum.

Acknowledgment

This study was financially supported by the Competitive Research Funding of the Tampere University Hospital (Grants 9L006, 9F063, 9M034, and 9N062).

References

J. Marks, S. Shuster, and A. J. Watson, “Small-bowel changes in dermatitis herpetiformis,” The Lancet, vol. 2, no. 7476, pp. 1280–1282, 1966.
View at: Google Scholar
D. J. Gawkrodger, J. N. Blackwell, H. M. Gilmour, E. A. Rifkind, R. C. Heading, and R. S. Barnetson, “Dermatitis herpetiformis: diagnosis, diet and demography,” Gut, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 151–157, 1984.
View at: Google Scholar
L. Fry, P. P. Seah, D. J. Riches, and A. V. Hoffbrand, “Clearance of skin lesions in dermatitis herpetiformis after gluten withdrawal,” The Lancet, vol. 1, no. 7798, pp. 288–291, 1973.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Reunala, K. Blomqvist, S. Tarpila, H. Halme, and K. Kangas, “Gluten-free diet in dermatitis herpetiformis. I. Clinical response of skin lesions in 81 patients,” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 473–480, 1977.
View at: Google Scholar
T. Reunala, “Incidence of familial dermatitis herpetiformis,” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 134, no. 3, pp. 394–398, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Hervonen, K. Karell, P. Holopainen, P. Collin, J. Partanen, and T. Reunala, “Concordance of dermatitis herpetiformis and celiac disease in monozygous twins,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 155, no. 6, pp. 990–993, 2000.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Dieterich, T. Ehnis, M. Bauer et al., “Identification of tissue transglutaminase as the autoantigen of celiac disease,” Nature Medicine, vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 797–801, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sárdy, S. Kárpáti, B. Merkl, M. Paulsson, and N. Smyth, “Epidermal transglutaminase (TGase 3) is the autoantigen of dermatitis herpetiformis,” Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 195, no. 6, pp. 747–757, 2002.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Reunala and P. Collin, “Diseases associated with dermatitis herpetiformis,” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 136, no. 3, pp. 315–318, 1997.
View at: Google Scholar
D. P. O'Donoghue, M. Lancaster Smith, G. D. Johnson, and P. J. Kumar, “Gastric lesion in dermatitis herpetiformis,” Gut, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 185–188, 1976.
View at: Google Scholar
R. Gillberg, W. Kastrup, H. Mobacken, R. Stockbrügger, and C. Ahren, “Gastric morphology and function in dermatitis herpetiformis and in coeliac disease,” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 133–140, 1985.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Primignani, D. Agape, G. Ronchi et al., “Gastric histology and function tests in Italian patients with dermatitis herpetiformis,” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 357–362, 1990.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Annibale, R. Negrini, P. Caruana et al., “Two-thirds of atrophic body gastritis patients have evidence of Helicobacter pylori infection,” Helicobacter, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 225–233, 2001.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. I. Veijola, A. M. Oksanen, P. I. Sipponen, and H. I. K. Rautelin, “Association of autoimmune type atrophic corpus gastritis with Helicobacter pylori infection,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 83–88, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
P. Sipponen and A. B. Price, “The Sydney System for classification of gastritis 20 years ago,” Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 26, supplement 1, pp. 31–34, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
J. B. van der Meer, “Granular deposits of immunoglobulins in the skin of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. An immunofluorescent study,” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 81, no. 7, pp. 493–503, 1969.
View at: Google Scholar
T. T. Salmi, K. Hervonen, H. Kautiainen, P. Collin, and T. Reunala, “Prevalence and incidence of dermatitis herpetiformis: a 40-year prospective study from Finland,” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 165, no. 2, pp. 354–359, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Storskrubb, P. Aro, J. Ronkainen et al., “A negative Helicobacter pylori serology test is more reliable for exclusion of premalignant gastric conditions than a negative test for current H. pylori infection: a report on histology and H. pylori detection in the general adult population,” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 302–311, 2005.
View at: Google Scholar
A. Telaranta-Keerie, R. Kara, L. Paloheimo, M. Hrknen, and P. Sipponen, “Prevalence of undiagnosed advanced atrophic corpus gastritis in Finland: an observational study among 4,256 volunteers without specific complaints,” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1036–1041, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. E. Crabtree, S. O'Mahony, J. I. Wyatt et al., “Helicobacter pylori serology in patients with coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis,” Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 597–600, 1992.
View at: Google Scholar
T. U. Kosunen, A. Aromaa, P. Knekt et al., “Helicobacter antibodies in 1973 and 1994 in the adult population of Vammala, Finland,” Epidemiology and Infection, vol. 119, no. 1, pp. 29–34, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
G. Zettinig, M. Weissel, J. Flores, R. Dudczak, and H. Vogelsang, “Dermatitis herpetiformis is associated with atrophic but not with goitrous variant of Hashimoto's thyroiditis,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 53–57, 2000.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Kárpáti, “Dermatitis herpetiformis,” Clinics in Dermatology, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 56–59, 2012.
View at: Google Scholar
J. Parsonnet, G. D. Friedman, D. P. Vandersteen et al., “Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma,” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 325, no. 16, pp. 1127–1131, 1991.
View at: Google Scholar
T. U. Kosunen, E. Pukkala, S. Sarna et al., “Gastric cancers in Finnish patients after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection: a cohort study,” International Journal of Cancer, vol. 128, no. 2, pp. 433–439, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Andersson, A. C. Bjorkman, and R. Gillberg, “Influence of the amount of dietary gluten on gastrointestinal morphology and function in dermatitis herpetiformis,” Human Nutrition, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 279–285, 1984.
View at: Google Scholar
W. Kastrup, H. Andersson, R. Gillberg, H. Mobacken, and R. Stockbrügger, “Influence of gluten-free diet on the gastric condition in dermatitis herpetiformis,” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 39–45, 1985.
View at: Google Scholar
B. Sigurgeirsson, B. A. Agnarsson, and B. Lindelof, “Risk of lymphoma in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis,” British Medical Journal, vol. 308, no. 6920, pp. 13–15, 1994.
View at: Google Scholar
H. M. Lewis, T. L. Renaula, J. J. Garioch et al., “Protective effect of gluten-free diet against development of lymphoma in dermatitis herpetiformis,” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 135, no. 3, pp. 363–367, 1996.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Viljamaa, K. Kaukinen, E. Pukkala, K. Hervonen, T. Reunala, and P. Collin, “Malignancies and mortality in patients with coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis: 30-year population-based study,” Digestive and Liver Disease, vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 374–380, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2012 Anna Alakoski et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

5036

Downloads

4815

Citations