Unveiling the Mechanisms for Decreased Glutathione in Individuals with HIV Infection
Figure 3
(a) Assay of IL-1 in macrophage culture supernatants from HIV-infected and healthy subjects. Supernatants from human monocyte-derived macrophages (from healthy and HIV-infected individuals) were assayed for the levels of IL-1 using assay kit from ebioscience. Data in (a) denote means ± SE from eight healthy individuals and nine individuals with HIV infection (*). (b) Assay of TNF-α in macrophage culture supernatants from HIV-infected and healthy subjects. Supernatants from human monocyte-derived macrophages (from healthy and HIV-infected individuals) were assayed for the levels of TNF-α using assay kit from ebioscience. Data in (b) are means ± SE from eight healthy individuals and nine individuals with HIV infection (*). (c) Assay of TGF-β in macrophage culture supernatants from HIV-infected and healthy subjects. Supernatants from human monocyte-derived macrophages (from healthy and HIV-infected individuals) were assayed for the levels of TGF-β using assay kit from ebioscience. Data in (c) represent means ± SE from eight healthy individuals and nine individuals with HIV infection (*). (d) Assay of MDA in macrophage lysates from HIV-infected and healthy subjects. Free radical levels in macrophage lysates from healthy subjects and individuals with HIV infection were determined by measuring the levels of MDA using a colorimetric assay kit from Cayman. Results in (d) are averages of data collected from five healthy subjects and five individuals with HIV infection. These elevated MDA concentrations are indicative of elevated free radical concentrations. High standard error values observed in HIV-infected subjects (a–d) are likely due to the varying stages of HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment in the HIV-infected population.
