| Immunological parameter | Effect of HIV infection | Effect of malnutrition | Nutrient deficiency |
| Total lymphocytes | Decreased | Decreased | PEM | T lymphocytes | Decreased | Decreased | PEM | CD4 T lymphocytes | Decreased | Decreased | PEM | CD8 T lymphocytes | Transient increase, then decrease | Relatively maintained | — | CD4: CD8 T-cell ratio | Inverted | Reversed | PEM | Lymphocyte responsiveness to mitogens/antigens | Reduced | Reduced | PEM, vitamin A, E, zinc, iron | Cell-mediated immunity | Compromised | Compromised | PEM, essential amino acids (pyridoxine) | B lymphocytes | Polyclonal activation | Generally maintained | — | Immunoglobulin levels | Increased (IgA, IgG) | Reduced (IgA, IgG, IgM) | PEM, amino acids, vitamin B complex | Secretory IgA (sIgA) | Increased | Decreased | PEM | B-cell activity | Reduced | Reduced | PEM, | Primary antibody responses | Reduced | Reduced | PEM | Antibody affinity | Decreases with increase in HIV progression | Reduced | PEM | NK cell activity | Increased | Reduced | Vitamin A, C, zinc, iron, selenium | Serum complement | Increased | Reduced | PEM, essential amino acids | Serum β-2 microglobulin | Increased, marker of HIV progression | Increased | PEM | IFN-γ | Increased | Reduced | Amino acids, essential fatty acids, iron | TNF-α, IL-6 | Increased | Increased | PEM | Anti-inflammatory Cytokines (IL-4) | Reduced | Increased | PEM | Soluble IL-2 receptors | Increased | Reduced | PEM | Antioxidants | Reduced | Reduced | Essential amino acids (arginine), selenium, zinc, manganese, copper, vitamins A, C, E | C-reactive protein | Increased, marker of HIV disease progression | Increased | PEM |
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