Clinical and Developmental Immunology
Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 785627, 4 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/785627
Review Article
Autoimmunity and Extrahepatic Manifestations in Treatment-Naïve Children with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection
1Paediatric and Liver Unit, Meyer Children University Hospital of Florence, Italy
2Immunology Unit and Immunology Laboratory, Meyer Children University Hospital of Florence, Department of Sciences for Woman and Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Received 4 January 2012; Accepted 21 February 2012
Academic Editor: Domenico Sansonno
Copyright © 2012 Giuseppe Indolfi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Linked References
- Q. L. Choo, G. Kuo, A. J. Weiner, L. R. Overby, D. W. Bradley, and M. Houghton, “Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome,” Science, vol. 244, no. 4902, pp. 359–362, 1989. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- A. L. Zignego, C. Ferri, S. A. Pileri, P. Caini, and F. B. Bianchi, “Extrahepatic manifestations of Hepatitis C Virus infection: a general overview and guidelines for a clinical approach,” Digestive and Liver Disease, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 2–17, 2007. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar
- F. Bortolotti, P. Vajro, F. Balli et al., “Non-organ specific autoantibodies in children with chronic hepatitis C,” Journal of Hepatology, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 614–620, 1996. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. V. Gregorio, P. Pensati, R. Iorio, A. Vegnente, G. Mieli-Vergani, and D. Vergani, “Autoantibody prevalence in children with liver disease due to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection,” Clinical and Experimental Immunology, vol. 112, no. 3, pp. 471–476, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Muratori, L. Muratori, G. Verucchi, L. Attard, F. B. Bianchi, and M. Lenzi, “Non-organ-specific autoantibodies in children with chronic Hepatitis C: clinical significance and impact on interferon treatment,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 1320–1326, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Gehring, U. Kullmer, S. Koeppelman, P. Gerner, P. Wintermeyer, and S. Wirth, “Prevalence of autoantibodies and the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease in children with chronic hepatitis C virus infection treated with interferon-α,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 12, no. 36, pp. 5787–5792, 2006. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. P. Bogdanos, G. Mieli-Vergani, and D. Vergani, “Non-organ-specific autoantibodies in hepatitis C virus infection: do they matter?” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 508–510, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- H. T. Maecker, M. S. Do, and S. Levy, “CD81 on B cells promotes interleukin 4 secretion and antibody production during T helper type 2 immune responses,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 95, no. 5, pp. 2458–2462, 1998. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- D. P. Bogdanos, G. Mieli-Vergani, and D. Vergani, “Virus, liver and autoimmunity,” Digestive and Liver Disease, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 440–446, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Stroffolini, G. Colloredo, G. B. Gaeta et al., “Does an “autoimmune” profile affect the clinical profile of chronic hepatitis C? An Italian multicentre survey,” Journal of Viral Hepatitis, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 257–262, 2004. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Muratori, L. Muratori, M. Guidi et al., “Clinical impact of non-organ-specific autoantibodies on the response to combined antiviral treatment in patients with hepatitis C,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 501–507, 2005. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Bortolotti, L. Muratori, P. Jara et al., “Hepatitis C virus infection associated with liver-kidney microsomal antibody type 1 (LKM1) autoantibodies in children,” Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 142, no. 2, pp. 185–190, 2003. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- G. Indolfi, S. Stagi, E. Bartolini et al., “Thyroid function and anti-thyroid autoantibodies in untreated children with vertically acquired chronic hepatitis C virus infection,” Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 117–121, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Rago, L. Chiovato, L. Grasso, A. Pinchera, and P. Vitti, “Thyroid ultrasonography as a tool for detecting thyroid autoimmune diseases and predicting thyroid dysfunction in apparently healthy subjects,” Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 763–769, 2001. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. Bartolomé, E. Rodríguez-Iñigo, P. Quadros et al., “Detection of hepatitis C virus in thyroid tissue from patients with chronic HCV infection,” Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 80, no. 9, pp. 1588–1594, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- T. Sugiura, T. Yamada, Y. Kimpara, N. Fujita, K. Goto, and N. Koyama, “Effects of pegylated interferon α-2a on hepatitis-C-virus-associated glomerulonephritis,” Pediatric Nephrology, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 199–202, 2009. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- S. Matsumoto, S. Nakajima, K. Nakamura et al., “Interferon treatment on glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus,” Pediatric Nephrology, vol. 15, no. 3-4, pp. 271–273, 2000. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. Romas, D. A. Power, D. Machet, H. Powell, and A. J. F. D'Apice, “Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection in an adolescent,” Pathology, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 399–402, 1994. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- P. Mohan, R. S. Chandra, D. M. Escolar, and N. L. C. Luban, “Inflammatory myopathy and hepatitis C in a pediatric patient: role of liver biopsy in evaluating the severity of liver disease,” Hepatology, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 851–852, 2001. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- J. I. Satoh, Y. I. Eguchi, T. Narukiyo et al., “Necrotizing myopathy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a case peport and a review of the literature,” Internal Medicine, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 176–181, 2000. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- V. Ertekin and H. Tan, “Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome attributable to Hepatitis C infection,” Pediatric Neurology, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 441–442, 2010. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- E. J. Dropcho, “Update on paraneoplastic syndromes,” Current Opinion in Neurology, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 331–336, 2005. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- Z. Kayali, V. E. Buckwold, B. Zimmerman, and W. N. Schmidt, “Hepatitis C, cryoglobulinemia, and cirrhosis: a meta-analysis,” Hepatology, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 978–985, 2002. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
- F. Bortolotti, G. Verucchi, C. Cammà et al., “Long-term course of chronic hepatitis C in children: from viral clearance to end-stage liver disease,” Gastroenterology, vol. 134, no. 7, pp. 1900–1907, 2008. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar