Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current Status and Future Direction

Table 2

Pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus associated pulmonary hypertension.

Pathological changes in arteries, arterioles and veins
(i) Medial hypertrophy
(ii) Chronic intimal fibrosis
(iii) Periadventitial fibrosis
(iv) Alteration of elastic laminae
(v) Necrotizing fibrinoid arteriopathy
(vi) Aneurysmal dilatation and plexiform lesions
Pathological changes in Thrombotic Arteriopathy
(i) Intimal eccentric fibrous thickening
(ii) Luminal occlusion with recanalization
(iii) Plexiform lesions coexistent with intimal thrombotic lesions in some arteries
(iv) Concentric laminar intimal fibrosis not present