Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Current Status and Future Direction

Table 4

Possible risk factors for the development of PH in systemic lupus erythematosus.

(i) Female gender
(ii) Isolated reduction in diffusion
(iii) Raynaud phenomenon §
(iv) Serositis §
(v) Renal disease
(vi) Digital gangrene
(vii) Cutaneous vasculitis/livedo reticularis
(viii) Rheumatoid factor
(ix) Anti-U1 RNP §
(x) Anticardiolipin antibodies §
(xi) Antiendothelial cell antibodies