Gestational Medication Use, Birth Conditions, and Early Postnatal Exposures for Childhood Asthma
Table 4
Risks for childhood asthma in relation to early postnatal exposures.
Controls
Ever asthma
Early-onset asthma†
Late-onset asthma‡
Early postnatal exposures
(%)§
OR
95%CI
OR
95%CI
OR
95%CI
Exclusive breastfeeding
No
268 (69.4)
159
1.00
77
1.00
82
1.00
Yes
118(30.6)
33
0.49
(0.31, 0.79)*
13
0.29
(0.13, 0.65)*
20
0.67
(0.37, 1.2)
Exclusive BF < 1 month
55 (14.3)
14
0.41
(0.21, 0.77)*
7
0.28
(0.10, 0.76)*
7
0.49
(0.20, 1.17)
Exclusive BF≧1 month
63 (16.3)
19
0.60
(0.32, 1.11)
6
0.30
(0.09, 0.95)*
13
0.86
(0.41, 1.80)
for trend
0.01
0.007
0.35
Recurrent respiratory infections¶
No
248(64.6)
79
1.00
33
1.00
46
1.00
Yes
136(35.4)
111
2.67
(1.78, 4.02)**
56
4.07
(2.01, 8.27)**
55
2.26
(1.35, 3.81)*
Frequency
3–6 times/year
91 (23.7)
46
1.55
(0.95, 2.53)
18
1.64
(0.68, 3.96)
28
1.64
(0.90, 3.02)
≧7 times/year
45 (11.7)
65
5.36
(3.12, 9.22)**
38
9.42
(3.84, 23.12)**
27
3.93
(1.86, 8.32)**
for trend
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Hospitalization within first year of age
No
362(94.3)
163
1.00
73
1.00
90
1.00
Yes
22(5.7)
30
2.99
(1.58, 5.67)**
18
4.04
(1.64, 9.96)*
12
2.24
(0.86, 5.83)
Frequency
1 times
15(4.3)
23
3.56
(1.68, 7.51)*
12
3.53
(1.22, 10.24)*
11
3.40
(1.14, 10.10)*
≧2 times
5(1.4)
7
2.82
(0.84, 9.53)
6
12.21
(1.30, 115.07)*
1
0.62
(0.07, 5.80)
for trend
0.001
0.002
0.29
Daycare attendance within three years of age
No
354 (91.7)
161
1.00
74
1.00
87
1.00
Yes
32 (8.3)
30
2.47
(1.33, 4.57)*
17
1.77
(0.76, 4.12)
13
4.25
(1.55, 11.7)*
2-3 years old
17 (4.4)
18
3.12
(1.41, 6.93)*
9
1.70
(0.57, 5.03)
9
8.26
(1.94, 35.27)*
< 2 years old
15 (3.9)
12
1.85
(0.78, 4.40)
8
1.85
(0.59, 5.75)
4
1.90
(0.43, 8.34)
for trend
0.02
0.20
0.03
Main caregiver cared for other children
No
231(59.8)
96
1.00
43
1.00
53
1.00
Yes
155(40.2)
97
1.51
(1.02, 2.23)*
48
2.04
(1.13, 3.69)*
49
1.13
(0.65, 1.97)
Number of children||
1
108(27.9)
67
1.42
(0.92, 2.20)
33
2.02
(1.04, 3.92)*
34
1.01
(0.55, 1.86)
≧2
47(12.1)
30
1.73
(0.97, 3.08)
15
2.10
(0.87, 5.06)
15
1.48
(0.67, 3.29)
for trend
0.04
0.03
0.42
Models are adjusted for parental education, mother’s age at birth of her child, parental history of asthma, parental history of atopy, in utero maternal smoking.
*
; **. §Number of subjects does not add up to total n because of missing data. †Early onset: asthma diagnosed ≦3 yr of age. ‡Late onset: asthma diagnosed >3 yr of age. ¶Recurrent respiratory infections were defined as more than three times of respiratory infections in the first year of life. ||The number of other children the main caregiver cared for in the first year of life. BF: breastfeeding.
