Downregulation of Hlx Closely Related to the Decreased Expressions of T-bet and Runx3 in Patients with Gastric Cancer May Be Associated with a Pathological Event Leading to the Imbalance of Th1/Th2

Xu, Yan; Gao, Jingjing; Su, Zhaoliang; Dai, Xiaoli; Li, Yazhen; Liu, Yingzhao; Chen, Jianguo; Tong, Jia; Zhang, Yun; Wu, Chaoyang; Zheng, Dong; Wang, Shengjun; Xu, Huaxi

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/949821

Journal of Immunology Research

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Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2012 | Article ID 949821 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/949821

Downregulation of Hlx Closely Related to the Decreased Expressions of T-bet and Runx3 in Patients with Gastric Cancer May Be Associated with a Pathological Event Leading to the Imbalance of Th1/Th2

Yan Xu,¹Jingjing Gao,¹Zhaoliang Su,¹Xiaoli Dai,¹Yazhen Li,¹Yingzhao Liu,²Jianguo Chen,²Jia Tong,¹Yun Zhang,¹Chaoyang Wu,²Dong Zheng,¹and Shengjun Wang¹ et al.

Academic Editor: T. Nakayama

Received19 Aug 2012

Revised19 Oct 2012

Accepted22 Oct 2012

Published19 Nov 2012

Abstract

T-bet plays an important role in immunoregulation; it induces the differentiation of Th1 together with the homeobox transcription factor gene Hlx. Recent studies show that T-bet and Th1-associated factors are critical in regulating tumor development. However, the contributions of Hlx in the occurrence and development of cancer remain unknown. In this study, the Hlx, T-bet, Runx3, and IFN-γ were measured in PBMC from patients with gastric cancer and the correlation between Hlx and T-bet or IFN-γ was assessed. The expression levels of Hlx, T-bet, and IFN-γwere significantly decreased, and there was a positive correlation between Hlx and T-bet or IFN-γ. In addition, the Runx3 expression was also downregulated with the lower T-bet mRNA level. These results suggested that the decreased Hlx expression was closely associated with T-bet and Runx3 downregulations and may contribute to the development of gastric cancer.

1. Introduction

Transcription factors act in concert to induce lineage commitment towards Th1, Th2, Th17, or T regulatory (Treg) cells, and their counter-regulatory mechanisms are shown to be critical for polarization between Th1 and Th2 phenotypes [1–3]. Differentiation of naive T lymphocytes into Th1 cell requires IFN-γ (interferon-gamma) which induces the Th1 transcription factor, T-bet. But IFN-γ just induces initial T-bet expression, late expression of T-bet to be needs accompanied by the upregulation of the transcription factors Runx3 and Hlx (also known as Hlx1, H2.0-like homeobox or HB24), and is required to imprint the Th1 cell for IFN-γ reexpression [4]. As a strong candidate for a tumor suppressor, Runx3, a member of runt-related transcription factors (Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3), has been widely studied in a variety of human cancers [5]. Loss of Runx3 leading to elevated oncogenic activity was found to be a key event in inducing a precancerous state of the stomach.

The increase in the level of active p53 protein leads to an inhibition of entry into S-phase or the induction of apoptosis [6]. Thus, the loss or inactivation of p53 results in the loss of cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis after DNA damage or physiologic stresses. This loss, seen in many human cancers, has been proposed to lead to increased genetic instability, increased accumulation of mutations, and ultimately oncogenesis. Interestingly, a number of studies indicate that tumor-derived mutant forms of p53, which are highly expressed in many cancers while losing many of their DNA-damage checkpoint functions function as active transforming genes [7]. These mutant p53 genes serve as oncogenes that contribute to tumorigenesis [8].

In our previous study, we found that there was a predominant Th2 phenotype in patients with gastric cancer, and we noted that the greatest downregulation of the gene encoding IFN-γ was associated with T-bet mutation [9, 10]. The Hlx is a member of the Drosophila homeobox gene H2.0 [11, 12]; we selected this gene for study in patients with gastric cancer because of its function in T-bet regulation and critical role of T-bet in regulating tumor growth. In addition, the expression of T-bet, usually accompanied by the upregulation of the transcription factor Hlx, was required to imprint the Th cell for interferon-gamma reexpression. However, the contributions of Hlx in the occurrence and development of cancer is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the correlation between Hlx and T-bet or IFN-γ as well as the expression level of Runx3 in patients with gastric cancer in order to determine whether Hlx contribute to the pathological event leading to the imbalance of Th1/Th2 in gastric cancer.

2. Patients and Methods

2.1. Patients

90 patients diagnosed newly with gastric cancer treated at the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University were included in the study of these patients, 35 females and 55 males, ranging in age from 27 to 65 years. All the patients were untreated for their condition at the time of blood collection. The diagnosis of gastric cancer was based on commonly accepted clinical and laboratory criteria and had been histologically proven, which included 12 papillary adenocarcinoma, 33 tubular adenocarcinoma, 25 poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, 6 mucinous adenocarcinoma, 10 signer-ring cell carcinoma, and 4 anaplastic carcinoma, and 32 patients had metastasis through lymph node. 46 healthy volunteers were studied simultaneously as control, including 17 females and 29 males ranging in age from 30 to 60 years. This study was approved by the ethical committee of the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University, and written informed consent was obtained from all individuals.

2.2. Blood Samples

Peripheral blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers and patients. The collection tubes contained 0.2 mL sodium heparin. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained by standard Ficoll-Hypaque density centrifugation (T lymphocytes occupy about 70%) and stored at −70°C for measurement of cytokines and transcription factors.

Flow cytometer was used to assess frequencies of CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T cells in PBMCs. In brief, PBMC samples were thawed and cultured for 24 h to allow cells to rest and reexpress cell surface receptors, and then CD3-PE-Cy5, CD4-PE, and CD8-FITC monoclonal antibodies (eBioscience, USA) were used to perform fluorescent antibody staining as our previous description [2]. The BD FACSCalibur system (Becton Dickinson FACSCalibur, USA) was used for acquisition and analysis of flow cytometry data.

2.3. Design of Primers and Response Conditions

According to Genebank sequences, the genetic testing primers were designed by Premier 5.0 software and synthesized by Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Technology and Service Company. All sequences of primers are shown in Table 1.

2.4. RNA Extraction and cDNA Synthesis

Following the manufacturer’s instructions, total RNA from PBMCs was extracted with Trizol (Invitrogen, USA). cDNA was synthesised with reverse transcription reagent kits (TOYOBO, Japan). All RNA samples were heated at 65°C for 10 min to denature the secondary structure with the template and cooled immediately on ice for 5 min. Total RNA (1 μg) was reversely transcribed in a total volume of 20 μL, containing oligo (dT) 1 μL, dNTP (10 mM) 1 μL, 5× RT buffer 4 μL, ReverTra Ace (100 U/μL) 1 μL, RNase Inhibitor 1 μL, DEPC free H₂O added up to 20 μL, and response conditions: 42°C 20 min; 99°C 5 min; 4°C 5 min. The cDNA was stored at −20°C.

2.5. Construction of Recombinant Plasmid Calibrator

PCR amplification was performed in the Thermo Hybaid System (Eppendorf, USA). The program consisted of an initial denaturation step for 5 min at 94°C followed by 30 cycles, with each cycle consisting of a 30 s denaturing step at 94°C, a 30 s annealing step at 56°C, and a 30 s extension step at 72°C. The reaction was completed by a final 5 min extension step at 72°C.

Purified Hlx, T-bet, IFN-γ, Runx3, and β-actin PCR fragments were transformed to PMD18-T vector (Invitrogen, USA) to establish recombinant plasmids PMD18-T-bet, Hlx, IFN-γ, Runx3 and β-actin. All these recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent E. coli DH5α and transferred on a 1.5% agar Amp-resistant plate and then cultured at 37°C for 12 h–14 h. Positive clones were initially identified by sequence. Part of positive clones were further amplified and extracted, and accurately quantified with a nucleic acid-protein ultraviolet instrument. 10-fold serial dilution of the recombinant plasmid DNA were used as calibrator and stored at −20°C until use.

2.6. QRT-PCR for Detecting Objective Genes Expression

The expression of objective genes (Hlx, T-bet, Runx3, IFN-γ) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR), all samples were calibrated by β-actin. All PCR reactions were performed using the Rotor-Gene 6000 System (Corbett Research, Australia) in a total volume of 25 μL, containing 1 μL cDNA, 0.5 μL 1 : 1000 sybr1 (Takara, China), 0.5 μL 10 μM each primer, 10× PCR reaction buffer 2.5 μL, dNTP Mix (10 mM each) 2.0 μL, LA Taq DNA polymerase 0.3 μL, and 17.7 μL water. The concentration of Hlx, T-bet, IFN-γ, Runx3, and β-actin transcripts in samples was calculated with the Corbett software according to corresponding standard curves. According to each standard curve, the expression levels of Hlx, T-bet, IFN-γ, Runx3, and β-actin were obtained. The ratio of Hlx, T-bet, IFN-γ, and Runx3 mRNA expression levels were regarded as indicator for the levels of β-actin. All samples were measured in triplicate.

2.7. Immunohistochemical Analysis for Testing p53 Mutant in Gastric Carcinoma Sufferers

SP (streptavidin-peroxidase) method was used to detect the p53 mutant by commercially obtained mouse antihuman p53 kit (purchased from Beijing Zhongshan Biological Technology Limited Company, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Paraffin-embedded samples were cut into 5 μm sections. The sections were microwaved in 10 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for counterstained with hematoxylin. Negative controls were performed in all cases omitting primary antibody.

Evaluation of immunohistochemistry results: the cytoplasm and/or nucleus brown were regarded as p53 mutant positive. Under the light microscope, 5 fields were randomly selected and total number of 500 cells were counted. The positive cell percentage more than 25% indicated as positive staining and less than 25% were as negative.

2.8. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Plasma IL-4 and IFN-γ

Plasma levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ were measured by ELISA, following the manufacturer’s protocols (eBioscience, USA). All samples were measured in triplicate.

2.9. Statistical Analysis

All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS17.0 statistical analysis software. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) in text and figures. Comparisons between paired or unpaired groups were performed using the appropriate Student’s t-test. For nonparametric data, differences between two groups were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman’s correlation was used to test correlation between two continuous variables. was considered to be statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. The Proportions of Lymphocytes in the Peripheral Blood

The percentage of CD3⁺T cells was 71.9% in healthy volunteers and 68.2% in patients with gastric cancer, there was a significant difference between two groups (). The percentage of CD3⁺CD4⁺/CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells was 43.5%/21.6% in healthy volunteers and 41.3%/22.1% in the patients, respectively; it showed that the percentage of CD3⁺CD8⁺ T cells was no significant difference between healthy control and gastric cancer (), but the percentage of CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells was significantly decreased in patients.

3.2. Electrophoresis Identification of PCR Amplification Fragment

The length of the amplified target fragment of Hlx, T-bet, Runx3, GATA3, and β-actin was 340, 339, 353, 309, and 262 bp, respectively, and it was consistent with the expected ones. The RT-PCR products of Hlx and Runx3 genes were shown in Figure 1. Identification of positive clone recombinant plasmids was validated by sequence. These objective gene sequences were in accordance with the ones provided by the National Center of Bioinformatics Institute (NCBI) (detailed data not shown).

(a)

(b)

3.3. The Levels of Hlx , T-bet, IFN-γ, and Runx3 mRNA in Individual Patient with Gastric Cancer

The expression levels of Hlx, T-bet, IFN-γ, and Runx3 mRNA from 90 patients with gastric cancer and 46 healthy controls were measured by QRT-PCR. As shown in Figure 2(a), the mRNAs of Hlx, T-bet, Runx3, and IFN-γ were significantly decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with gastric cancer compared with healthy controls (, , , and ).

(a)

(b)

Figure 2

The expression levels of Hlx, T-bet, Runx3, and IFN-γ mRNA in PBMC from gastric carcinoma sufferers and control. The values were presented as relative expression ratio (copies ratio) which means expression for the target transcript versus reference transcript (β-actin, a house keeping gene). The copies ratio showed that the Hlx, T-bet, Runx3, and IFN-γ expression were decreased in patients with gastric cancer, compared with healthy control (a). The expression levels of the three kinds of transcription factors (Hlx, T-bet, and Runx3) in the different groups of patients (b). 1: papillary adenocarcinoma (); 2: tubular adenocarcinoma (); 3: poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (); 4: mucinous adenocarcinoma (); 5: signer-ring cell carcinoma (); 6: anaplastic carcinoma (). * compared with other groups; ^# compared with papillary adenocarcinoma and tubular adenocarcinoma groups.

We have compared detection index (including the mRNA of T-bet, Hlx, and Runx3) with histological classification and analyzed the statistical significance that arose from different histological types. The decreased expression of Hlx, T-bet, and Runx3 were found in each histological type of gastric cancer. In tubular adenocarcinoma group, Hlx, T-bet, and Runx3 expression levels were higher than those of other patient groups, although these indicators were lower than that in healthy control. The level of Hlx and T-bet mRNA was the lowest in patients with anaplastic carcinoma, it was statistically significant compared with papillary adenocarcinoma and tubular adenocarcinoma groups (). The lowest and highest Runx3 mRNA expression occurred in poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma group and tubular adenocarcinoma group, respectively (Figure 2(b)).

3.4. The Correlation between the mRNA Levels of Hlx, T-bet, and GATA3

We examined the correlation between the mRNA levels of Hlx and T-bet or GATA3 in PBMCs of gastric cancer patients (90 cases). The results showed that the decreased level of Hlx mRNA was in line with T-bet, and the level of GATA3 mRNA was increased following Hlx mRNA decreased (Figure 3). In addition, the level of plasma IFN- was decreased and the plasma IL-4 was enhanced in patients (Figure 3).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 3

The levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 in serum and the correlation between expression levels of Hlx and T-bet/GATA3 mRNA from gastric carcinoma sufferers. In serum of patients, the level of IFN-γ was obviously decreased (), but the level of IL-4 was enhanced (), compared with healthy control (a) and (b). The vertical coordinate indicates the T-bet/β-actine ratio (c) or GATA3/β -actine ratio (d), and horizontal coordinate indicates the Hlx/β-actine ratio. There was a significantly positive correlation between Hlx and T-bet (, ), and a negative correlation between Hlx and GATA3 (, ).

3.5. The Correlation between the mRNA Levels of Runx3 and T-bet or IFN-γ

Runx3 is a novel tumor suppressor in gastric carcinogenesis and an important factor for differentiation of chief cells in the normal gastric fundic mucosa. In addition, Runx3 is a mechanism that causes the negative regulation of IL-4, along with previously reported repression by T-bet. In order to understand the relationship between the Runx3 and T-bet expressions in gastric carcinoma sufferers, we analyzed the Runx3 mRNA levels in PBMCs of patients. Our data indicated that the expression levels of Runx3 were significantly decreased and there was a positive correlation between Runx3 and T-bet or IFN-γ (Figure 4).

(a)

(b)

3.6. The Relationship between p53 Mutant and T-bet or GATA3 mRNA Levels in Gastric Carcinoma Sufferers

The histological sections from 55 cases of patients were used to analyze the expression of p53 mutant, and the T-bet and GATA3 mRNA levels detected from the same patient were used to make a comparative study. As shown in Table 2, the expression level of intact p53 and mutant p53 was 70% and 47%, respectively. Further analysis displayed that in total p53 mutant expression p53 mutant positive and T-bet negative patients were 22 cases (40%), it included 10 cases of patients with widespread metastases. However, there were 24 cases with p53 mutant negative plus T-bet positive (44%). In p53 mutant positive patients, only 4 were T-bet positive and 5 were Hlx positive. The Spearman rank test showed the T-bet/Hlx and p53 mutant expression levels were negatively correlated (, ); GATA3 and p53 mutant expression levels were positively correlated (, ) (Figure 5).

(a)

(b)

(c)

4. Discussion

The precise mechanism of the development of gastric carcinoma is not very clear yet. But it is accepted that the reason was synergistic effect of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and the switch of immune state as one of the explanation of the development of gastric carcinoma is paid great attention to [13–16]. In normal physiological state, the specific factors secreted by Th1 cells are IL-2 and IFN-γ, and the factors of Th2 are IL-4 and IL-10. Th1 plays an important role in enhancing response in cell-mediated immunity. In addition, the effect of Th2 cells is to mediate humoral immunity. The cross regulation and interrestraint between these two cells is very essential to maintain the balance of immune system. The co-precursor cell is Th0 cells, when Th0 cells are stimulated by antigen, proportional differentiation will occur. T-bet and GATA3 are two transcriptional factors, respectively, charging the differentiation of Th0 cells to Th1 or Th2 cells. When disorder occurs in immunomediation, corresponding Th1 or Th2 drifting disease will be developed because of the Th0 cells differentiation disequilibrium. It is reported that Th2 drifting is related to immune escape of tumor [17, 18]. Hlx as a positive regulator of IFN-γ production in CD4+ T lymphocytes and T-bet target, it induces the differentiation of Th1 and blocks Th2 commitment together with T-bet [19]. In addition, the expression of Hlx strongly reduces the capacity of the cells to form vessels, it is prompted that Hlx may relate to tumor metastasis [20]. Runx3 has been reported to be a candidate tumor suppressor gene in gastric cancer and also a regulator of Th1 cells. p53 gene is a kind of tumor suppressor gene; the production of p53 gene expression is called p53 protein; its activity stops the formation of tumors [21, 22]. However, the immunohistochemistry detected p53 protein is mainly the mutant, which is closely related to the tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.

We used to judge the balance of Th1/Th2 via the level of cytokine, but recent research proved that the analysis of some transcription factors can tell more information [23]. In the present study, we tried to explain the drifting of Th cells by analyzing the expression of transcription factors and associated cytokines in gastric carcinoma, and analyzed the relationship between them. Our results showed that T-bet, Hlx, Runx3, and IFN-γ expression in transcription and protein levels were significantly lower in gastric carcinoma group than that in control group, but the results of GATA3 and IL-4 were opposite, which could demonstrate that the decreasing cell-mediated immune ability from gastric cancer state and a typical Th2 cells drifting had happened in gastric carcinoma. We also compared the detection index including the mRNA of T-bet and Hlx with histological classification; the decreased expression of the two kinds of transcription factors were found in each histological type of gastric cancer, and it suggested that regardless of histological type of gastric cancer, there were Th1/Th2 imbalance. In addition, our observation that the lower expression of T-bet and Hlx were more marked in anaplastic carcinoma than in tubular adenocarcinoma corroborated that the Th1/Th2 cells imbalance was most pronounced in malignant cancer. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a significantly positive correlation between Hlx and T-bet, and a negative correlation between Hlx and GATA3. Our data also showed that the expression rates of Runx3 in patients with gastric cancer (especially poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma) were obviously lower than that in control groups and there was a positive correlation between the expression of Runx3 and T-bet or IFN-γ in patient. The patients expressed p53 mutant accompanyed with lower expression rate of T-bet and Hlx, the negative correlation existed between p53 mutant and T-bet or Hlx in gastric cancers.

Metastasis is one of the main causes of death in patients with gastric cancer. Our research found that some transcription factors played a key role in metastasis related gene regulation. Some scholars reported that the cancer cell proliferation rate was greatly enhanced in T-bet knockout mice. p53 mutant was closely related to tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This study also found that the positive rate of p53 mutants was significantly higher in the tissue of gastric carcinoma with lymph nodes metastasis than those without lymph node metastasis. T-bet and p53 mutant frequency analysis discovered that T-bet/Hlx and p53 mutant expression levels were negatively correlated, and GATA3 and p53 mutant expression levels were positively correlated. It also indicated that the Th2 cell polarization was raised in gastric carcinoma and related to the expression of p53 mutant which associated with tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis.

It is well known that the decreased Th1 cell-mediated immunity is related to immune escape of tumor. In this experiment, we supposed that the predominant expression of Th2 type cytokines was related to lower expression of T-bet or higher expression of GATA3 in PBMC from patients with gastric cancer. The induction of T-bet might be useful in two main respects, one was upregulating Th1 cell response, enhancing cell-mediated immunity in the person suffered form cancer, another was inevitably strengthening the effect on killing tumor cells by increasing IFN-γ production. In addition, enhanced p53 mutant frequency might be due to Th1 cell downregulation and associated with invasion and metastasis of gastric carcinoma. All the above results showed that the T-bet associated biological events were closely related to the expression levels of Hlx and Runx3 and the development of gastric cancer. Hlx is a positive regulator of T-bet and IFN-γ and its expression in patients with gastric carcinoma was probably influenced by the local environment, including cytokine patterns and tumor antigen, and further studies would be necessary to clarify these points.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants nos. 31270947, 31170849, and 81101227, resp.).

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Copyright © 2012 Yan Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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