Genetic Risk Factors of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in the Malaysian Population: A Minireview

Table 1

Summary of associations between candidate genes and SLE susceptibility in the Malaysian population.

Gene	Ethnicity	Cases	Controls	Allotype/minor allele frequency		P value	RR/OR	Reference
				Cases	Controls
HLA
DR2	Malays	56	59	48 (85.7%)	36 (61%)	0.03^#	3.83	[16]
DQB1*0501	Malays	56	59	27 (48.2%)	10 (16.9%)	0.0036^#	4.56	[16]
	Chinese	70	66	19 (27.1%)	5 (7.6%)	0.003^#	4.55	[17]
DQB1*0601	Malays	56	59	20 (35.7%)	5 (8.5%)	0.0048^#	6.00	[16]
	Chinese	70	66	28 (40%)	9 (13.6%)	0.006^#	4.22	[17]
DQA1*0102	Chinese	70	66	61 (43.6%)	44 (33.3%)	0.032^#	3.39	[17]
DPB1*0901	Chinese	70	66	22 (31.4%)	6 (9.1%)	0.02^#	4.58	[17]
DRw15	Chinese	87	66	37.9%	10.6%	<0.006^#	5.2	[18]
DQw1	Chinese	88	63	75.0%	57.1%	<0.006^#	5.2	[18]
A*1101, 1102	Malaysian	160	107	33.05%	18.69%	0.0002^#	2.147	[19]
DRB5*0101, 0102, 0201, 0202, 0203	Malaysian	160	107	56.52%	41.90%	0.0014^#	1.802	[19]
DRB3*0101, 0201, 0202, 0203, 0301	Malaysian	160	107	42.03%	71.43%	0.000^#	0.290	[19]
DQB1*05	Malaysian	160	107	37.80%	20.61%	0.0000^#	2.341	[19]
DQB1*0301, 0304	Malaysian	160	107	12.80%	32.89%	0.0000^#	0.300	[19]
DRB1*0701	Malays	61	49	14.13%	4.76%	0.0356^#	3.291	[19]
DRB4*0101101, 0102, 0103 (not DR53N)	Malays	61	49	47.83%	19.05%	0.0001^#	3.896	[19]
DRB1*1601-1606	Chinese	99	58	14.46%	3.79%	0.0030^#	4.090	[19]
DRB5*0101, 0102, 0201, 0202, 0203	Chinese	99	58	51.81%	34.92%	0.0040^#	2.003	[19]
C4
2bp insertions (+TC) at codon 1213 in exon 29	Malaysian	130	130	0	0	—	—	[20]
1bp deletions (−C) at codon 811 in exon 20	Malaysian	130	130	0	0	—	—	[20]
1bp deletion (−C) at codon 522 in exon 13	Malaysian	130	130	0	0	—	—	[20]
2bp deletions (−GT) at codon 497 in exon 13	Malaysian	130	130	0	0	—	—	[20]
Null alleles	Malaysian	130	130					[20]
C4A*Q0				0	2	—	—
C4B*Q0				2	0	—	—
C4A gene with long C4B gene	Chinese	85	63	57.6%	68.3%	—	—	[18]
C4A gene with short C4B gene	Chinese	85	63	67.1%	76.2%	—	—	[18]
C4A or C4B gene deletion	Chinese	85	63	34.1%	27.0%	—	—	[18]
C4X	Chinese	85	63	41.2%	28.6%	—	—	[18]
C1q
C1qA-Gln186 (C>𝑇)	Malaysian	130	130	0	0	—	—	[21]
C1qB-Gly15 (G>𝐴)	Malaysian	130	130	0	0	—	—	[21]
C1qB-Arg150 (C>𝑇)	Malaysian	130	130	0	0	—	—	[21]
C1qC-Gly6 (G>𝐴)	Malaysian	130	130	0	0	—	—	[21]
C1qC-Arg41 (C>𝑇)	Malaysian	130	130	0	0	—	—	[21]
C1qA-Gly70 (G/A)	Malaysian	130	130	47	45	0.660	1.081	[21]
C1qC-Pro14 (T/C)	Malaysian	130	130	75	79	0.254	0.789	[21]
TNF
TNF-α −308 G/A	Chinese	70	59	37	20	0.003^#	1.42	[22]
	Malaysian	100	100	42	22	0.0064^#	2.1507	[23]
TNF-β +252 A/G	Malaysian	100	100	117	111	0.5446	1.1303	[23]
FcγR
FcγRIIA (H131R)	Chinese	175	108	0.40	0.45	0.3200	0.83	[24]
	Malays	50	50	0.34	0.37	0.7676	0.88	[24]
FcγRIIIB (NA1 or NA2)	Chinese	183	100	0.347	0.32	—	—	[7]
	Malays	55	50	0.38	0.38	—	—	[7]
CD28
IVS3 +17 T/C	Malaysian	100	100	46 (23)	41(20.5)	0.5446	1.1584	[25]
CTLA-4
Exon 1 (+49 A/G)	Malaysian	130	130	155 (0.60)	151 (0.58)	0.722	0.94	[26]
Promoter site (−1722 T/C)	Malaysian	130	130	90 (0.35)	103 (0.40)	0.238	0.81	[26]
Promoter site (−1661 A/G)	Malaysian	130	130	27 (0.10)	37 (0.14)	0.182	1.43	[26]
Promoter site (−318 C/T)	Malaysian	130	130	19 (0.07)	18 (0.07)	0.865	1.06	[26]
3′-UTR (+6230 A/G)	Malaysian	130	130	34 (0.13)	22 (0.09)	0.117	1.63	[26]
IL
IL-1β −511 C/T	Malaysian	100	100	96	139	<0.05^#	0.4051	[27]
IL-1β +3954 E1/E2	Malaysian	100	100	49	77	<0.05^#	0.5184	[27]
IL-1RN	Malaysian	100	100					[28]
IL-1RN*1				196 (96%)	180 (90%)	0.019^#	2.667
IL-1RN*2				6(3%)	18 (9%)	0.012^#	0.313
IL-4 third intron RPI/RPII	Malaysian	100	100	54 (27%)	55 (27%)	0.9106	0.9751	[8]
IL-6 −174 G/C	Malaysian	100	100	53 (26.5%)	95 (47.5%)	0.0000136^#	0.3985	[29]
IL-10 −1082 G/A	Malaysian	44	44	8 (9%)	12 (13%)	0.342	—	[30]
IL-10 −824 C/T	Malaysian	44	44	55 (62.5%)	53 (60%)	0.757	—	[30]
IL-10 −597C/A	Malaysian	44	44	55 (62.5%)	53 (60%)	0.757	—	[30]
ACE I/D dimorphism	Malaysian	170	190	117 (34.4%)	138 (36.8%)	0.5938	0.9201	[31]
RANTES-28 C/G	Malaysian	130	130	14	19	0.3684	0.7219	[32]
SDF-1 3′ UTR G801A	Malaysian	130	130	116	132	0.1601	0.7811	[32]

^#-significant association, RR: relative risk, OR: odds ratio, ---not studied.