Seizures in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The Relevance of Smoking to Stroke

Table 1

Characteristics of the 9 PAPS patients with epileptic seizures.

	Thrombotic; event	Comorbidity	Age (years) sex, race	Seizure onset after PAPS	LR	Seizure type	>1 seizure	MRI	EEG	Drugs
1	DVT	Hypothyroidism	49, F, C	−	+	Generalized tonic-clonic	+	NL	EA in frontal region	CBZ, PHT, PB, WAR
2	Stroke	Hypertension	52, F, C	+	+	Partial complex	−	Right fronto-parietooccipital stroke	NL	PB, ASA
3	Stroke	Chorea gravidarum, preeclampsia	29, F, C	+	−	Partial complex with secondary generalization	+	Left frontal and basal ganglia hyperintense lesions	EA in left parietooccipital region	PB, PHT, CLB, GBP, ASA
4	DVT, PTE, stroke, miscarriages	Rheumatic fever	32, F, C	+	+	Partial	+	Right temporo-parietooccipital stroke	EA in right parietal region	CLB, PHT, TPM, WAR
5	DVT, miscarriages	Depression	51, F, Mul	−	−	Partial complex	+	Left periventricular and parietal stroke	EA in left parietal region	CBZ, OXC, WAR
6	Renal TMA, stroke, TIA, miscarriages	Renal transplantation depression	53, F, C	+	−	Partial complex with secondary generalization	−	Left frontotemporal srtroke	EA in left temporal region	PHT, WAR, ASA
7	Thrombocytopenia, stroke	Hypothyroidism splenectomy	45, M, C	+	−	Partial complex with secondary generalization	−	Stroke of territory of the middle cerebral artery	EA in left temporal region	CBZ, ASA
8	DVT, thrombocytopenia	—	35, M, C	+	−	Generalized tonic-clonic	−	NL	ND	PB, PHT, WAR
9	DVT, thrombocytopenia	Compulsive gambler	53, M, C	+	+	Generalized tonic-clonic	−	NL	ND	PHT, WAR

ASA: aspirin; CBZ: carbamazepine; C: Caucasian; CLB: clobazam; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; EA: epileptiform activity; EEG: electroencephalogram; F: female; GBP: gabapentin; M: male; Mul: mulatto; NL: normal; ND: not done; PAPS: primary antiphospholipid syndrome; PTE: pulmonary thromboembolism; TMA: microangiopathic; OXC: oxcarbazepine; PB: phenobarbital; PHT: phenytoin; TPM: topiramate; WAR: warfarin.