Journal of Immunology Research / 2013 / Article / Tab 2 / Review Article
The Role of p38 MAPK in the Aetiopathogenesis of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Table 2 Evidence for p38 MAPK involvement in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
Diseases References Psoriasis (1) p38 MAPK is phosphorylated in lesional psoriatic epidermis [20 –23 ] (2) Phosphorylated p38 is widely detectable in the keratinocyte nuclei indicative of the kinase strong participation in active gene expression [21 ] (3) Among the p38 MAPK isoforms, p38alpha, p38beta, and p38delta are detectable in lesional psoriatic skin [20 ] (4) p38-activated kinases MK-2 and MSK-1 are also phosphorylated in psoriatic lesional skin and regulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-
[23 –25 ] (5) Dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) is an important negative regulator of p38 MAPK activity DUSP1 mRNA expression is downregulated in psoriatic skin lesions compared with paired samples of nonlesional psoriatic skin [26 ] (6) p38-MAPK induced Ser727 phosphorylation of STAT-1 and STAT-3 is detected in psoriatic skin [27 , 28 ] (7) p38-MAPK-dependent expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, human
-defensin-2, human
-defensin-3, S100A7, and S100A8 [29 , 30 ] Psoriatic arthritis (1) Phosphorylated p38 MAPK is detectable in both lining and sublining synovial area [31 ] (2) P38 positive cells are also detected in inflammatory infiltrates, in perivascular zones, and in the endothelium [31 ] (3) IL-36
is upregulated in PsA and RA synovia and leads to IL-6 and IL-8 production by synovial fibroblasts through p38/NFkB activation [32 ]