Palladium Nanoparticles Induce Disturbances in Cell Cycle Entry and Progression of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells: Paramount Role of Ions

Table 1

Cell cycle distribution data of quiescent and PHA-activated PBMCs exposed to Pd-NP or Pd(IV) ion.

Phase	PHA	PHA + Pd(IV) ion	PHA + Pd-NP	PHA + vehicle	w/o PHA; 0 h	w/o PHA 48 + 48 h
G0/G1	43.1 ± 1.9	74.9 ± 2.2*	59.8 ± 1.8*	44.4 ± 2.1	98.9 ± 0.2	99.0 ± 0.1
S	48.8 ± 2.3	25.1 ± 1.2*	35.4 ± 1.5*	47.3 ± 1.7	0	0
G2/M	8.1 ± 1.2	0	4.8 ± 0.1	8.3 ± 1.4	0.9 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.1

Data from three experiments are shown as mean ± S.D. *P < 0.05 Pd-NP and Pd(IV) vs not exposed.