TNFα Promotes Th17 Cell Differentiation through IL-6 and IL-1β Produced by Monocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Figure 2

Enhanced Th17 cell differentiation by IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα in synovial fluid. (a) PBMC preparations from healthy individuals were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies in the presence of the RA SF at dilution of 1 : 8 and intracellular staining of IFN-γ and IL-17 was detected using flow cytometry. Data are representative of at least five separated experiments (left panel) and bars show the mean ± SEM (right panel). , versus medium control. (b) PBMC preparations from healthy individuals were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies for 96 h, in the presence of RA SF pretreated with indicated antibodies. Percentage of Th1 and Th17 cells was analyzed. Data are representative of at least five separated experiments (upper and middle panels) and bars show the mean ± SEM (lower panel). and versus IgG control.

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