Muramyl Dipeptide Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption through Increased RANKL Expression in Stromal Cells

Figure 4

Enhancing lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) expression by muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in vivo. Total RNA from mouse calvariae was isolated after 5 days of daily supracalvarial injections of PBS, LPS (10 μg/day), MDP (100 μg/day), LPS (100 μg/day), or LPS (10 μg/day) + MDP (100 μg/day). mRNA levels for RANKL were normalized to those of GAPDH. Results are expressed as mean ± SD (; ). Differences were determined using Scheffe’s test.