Muramyl Dipeptide Enhances Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption through Increased RANKL Expression in Stromal Cells

Figure 7

Enhancing lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced Toll-like receptor (TLR4) expression using muramyl dipeptide (MDP) in vivo. Total RNA from mouse calvariae was isolated after 5 days of daily supracalvarial injections of PBS, PTH (1 μg/day), PTH (10 μg/day), PTH (1 μg/day) + MDP (100 μg/day), MDP (100 μg/day), LPS (10 μg/day), LPS (100 μg/day), or LPS (10 μg/day) + MDP (100 μg/day). mRNA levels for TLR4 were normalized to those of GAPDH. Results are expressed as the mean ± SD (; ; ). Differences were determined using Scheffe’s test.