Immune Checkpoint Modulation in Colorectal Cancer: What’s New and What to Expect

Figure 1

Overview of immune checkpoint molecules involved in CRC pathogenesis. CD, cluster of differentiation; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4; GAL9, Galectin-9; GITR, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein; LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene-3; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; PD-1, programmed death-1; PD-L, programmed death ligand; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TCR, T cell receptor; TIM-3, T cell immunoglobulin and mucin containing protein-3.