Vitamin D Deficiency Contributes to the Reduction and Impaired Function of Naïve Regulatory T Cell in Chronic Heart Failure

Table 1

Characteristics of chronic heart failure patients and healthy donors.

	HD	Chronic HF			Acute myocardial infarction
		NYHA II	NYHA III	NYHA IV
	35	34	33	17	18
Gender (M/F)	17/18	20/14	28/7	8/9	13/5
Age, mean ± SD years	45.1 ± 11.6	77.7 ± 11.1	79.2 ± 9.4	78.1 ± 6.4	72.4 ± 14.8
HR (bmp)	NA	83 ± 23	85 ± 18	85 ± 16	81 ± 16
LVEF (%)	NA	61.6 ± 9.6	59.4 ± 11.3	51.4 ± 11.9	52.5 ± 17.4
LVEDD (d/mm)	NA	52.0 ± 6.7	54.5 ± 9.3	55.6 ± 8.3	51.1 ± 4.1
HF risk factors, (%)
Hyperlipemia	NA	7 (20.6)	6 (18.2)	2 (11.8)	2 (11.1)
Diabetes mellitus	NA	16 (47.1)	14 (42.4)	5 (29.4)	7 (38.9)
Cigarette smoking
Former smoker	NA	7 (20.6)	6 (18.2)	3 (17.6)	3 (16.7)
Current smoker	NA	4 (11.8)	9 (27.3)	1 (5.9)	1 (5.6)
Disease etiology, (%)
Coronary heart disease	NA	20 (58.8)	22 (66.7)	7 (41.2)	11 (61.1)
Hypertension	NA	22 (64.7)	28 (84.8)	7 (41.2)	10 (55.6)
Cardiomyopathy	NA	2 (5.9)	1 (3.0)	2 (11.8)	0 (0)
Biochemical cardiac markers
25(OH)D (ng/mL)	17.7 ± 6.9	13.4 ± 7.6^**	12.9 ± 9.3^*	10.3 ± 6.5^***	19.8 ± 7.9
NT-ProBNP (pg/mL)	NA	2466 ± 2327	3994 ± 4886	3690 ± 3025	3591 ± 3691
Hcy (mmol/L)	NA	10.67 ± 0.96	17.57 ± 3.70	22.83 ± 6.57	10.68 ± 1.52
hsCRP (ng/mL)	0.39 ± 0.07	7.25 ± 0.86^***	9.13 ± 0.73^***	8.32 ± 0.93^***	10.31 ± 0.96^***
LDL (mmol/L)	2.61 ± 0.11	1.92 ± 0.12^**	1.89 ± 0.12^**	1.77 ± 0.16^**	1.96 ± 0.27^**
Lp(a) (mg/dL)	6.34 ± 1.35	6.32 ± 0.92	9.95 ± 1.63	8.25 ± 2.18	11.40 ± 2.26
Medications, (%)
ACEI/ARB	NA	6 (17.6)	12 (36.4)	2 (11.8)	3 (16.7)
β-blockers	NA	8 (23.5)	9 (27.3)	3 (17.6)	5 (27.8)
Digitalis	NA	4 (11.8)	6 (18.2)	7 (41.2)	2 (11.1)
Diuretics	NA	9 (26.5)	9 (27.3)	8 (47.1)	4 (22.2)
Statins	NA	6 (17.6)	6 (18.2)	2 (11.8)	6 (33.3)
Ca^2+-blockers	NA	6 (17.6)	5 (15.2)	1 (5.9)	0 (0)

Except where indicated otherwise, values are the number (%). NA = not applicable. Data represent the mean ± SD. ^*, ^**, and ^*** compared to HD.