The Influence and Role of Microbial Factors in Autoimmune Kidney Diseases: A Systematic Review

Table 3

Study characteristics of relevant studies in IgA nephropathy are shown. Several bacterial strains have been identified by in vivo and in vitro experiments. There might be a pivotal role of Streptococci, Helicobacter pylori, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus in the disease onset or progression of IgA nephropathy as has been depicted.

Reference	Design	Disease	Subjects	Biological agents
Huang et al. [35]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy	106 patients	Streptococcus sp., Neisseria sp., Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus proteus, andStreptococcus pneumoniae
Nagasawa et al. [36]	Cohort study	IgA nephropathy	68 IgA nephropathy patients and 28 controls	Haemophilus segnis, Campylobacter rectus, and Treponema sp.
Drew et al. [41]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy	IgA nephropathy (35), systemic lupus erythematosus (6), membranous nephropathy (8), anti-GBM disease (6), and controls (20)	Pneumococcal polysaccharides
Schmitt et al. [29]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy; IgA vasculitis	16 humans (IgA nephropathy); 17 humans (IgA vasculitis)	IgA-binding M proteins of group A streptococci
Schmitt el al. [39]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy	IgA nephropathy (21); Controls (83)	Streptococci
Nishikawa et al. [48]	Cell study	IgA nephropathy	Lymphocytes from IgA nephropathy patients	Streptococci
Chao et al. [56]	Animal study	IgA nephropathy	B-cell-deficient mice	Pneumococcal C-polysaccharide
Liu et al. [49]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy	27 patients	Haemolytic streptococcus and lipopolysaccharide
Kusano et al. [37]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy	32 IgA nephropathy patients; 141 controls	Helicobacter pyloriandActinomyces israelii
Kusano et al. [38]	Cohort study	IgA nephropathy	55 patients	Helicobacter pylori
Yang et al. [50]	Cell study	IgA nephropathy	B cell line DAKIKI cells	Helicobacter pylori
Barratt et al. [42]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy	22 IgA nephropathy patients; 9 controls	Helicobacter pylori
Suzuki et al. [40]	Cross-sectional	IgA nephropathy	44 IgA nephropathy patients; 62 controls	Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Suzuki et al. [43]	Cross-sectional	IgA nephropathy	44 IgA nephropathy patients; 62 controls	Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Suzuki et al. [51]	Cell study	IgA nephropathy	Tonsillar lymphocytes	Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Suzuki, et al. [52]	Cell study	IgA nephropathy	Tonsillar lymphocytes	Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Fujieda et al. [53]	Cell study	IgA nephropathy	Tonsillar mononuclear cells	Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Sunaga et al. [54]	Cell study	IgA nephropathy	Tonsillar mononuclear cells	Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Yamamoto et al. [57]	Animal study	IgA nephropathy	120 C3H/HeN mice	Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Nozawa et al. [55]	Cell study	IgA nephropathy	Tonsillar T cells	Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Ogawa et al. [44]	Cell study	IgA nephropathy	Glomerular IgA deposits	Haemophilus influenzae
Hirabayashi et al. [45]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy	24 IgA nephropathy patients; 22 controls	Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae
Shimizu et al. [46]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy,; Post-MRSA glomerulonephritis	IgA nephropathy ( = 16) and post-MRSA infection GN ( = 19); Controls ()	Staphylococcus aureus
Koyama et al. [47]	Cross sectional	IgA nephropathy	Glomeruli; from 238 kidney biopsies	Staphylococcus aureus
Sharmin et al. [58]	Animal study	IgA nephropathy	Balb/c mice (Th2 dominant type) and C57BL/6 mice (Th1 dominant type)	Staphylococcus aureus
Zhang et al. [59]	Animal study	IgA nephropathy	Balb/c mice	Staphylococcus aureus