Intestinal Microbiota as Modulators of the Immune System and Neuroimmune System: Impact on the Host Health and Homeostasis
Table 1
Profile of alterations in the gut microbiota in IBS, IBD, colorectal cancer, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
Disease
Microbial alteration
Reference
Irritable bowel syndrome
Increased presence of Firmicutes, specifically Ruminococcus sp., Clostridium sp., and Dorea sp.; reduction in Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium spp.; decrease of Bacteroides in afflicted children; increased presence of Dorea sp., Ruminococcus sp., Haemophilus sp. and parainfluenzae sp. in paediatric patients.
Reduced complexity of Firmicutesand Bacteroidetes, with decrease in the abundance of Clostridium leptum and Clostridium coccoides; increase in bacteria of the Gammaproteobacteriaclass; presence of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli; decreased presence of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; altered abundance of members of the families Enterobacteriaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Leuconostocaceae,with increased presence of Clostridium and reduced presence of Roseburia and Phascolarctobacterium.
Members of the genus Fusobacterium appear increased on colorectal cancerous tissue; reduction in bacteria of the phyla Firmicutesand Bacteroidetes; alterations in number of butyrate producing bacteria (Coprococcus spp.; Eubacterium rectale; Roseburia spp.; and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii), related to the protective effect of butyrate for the enterocytes.