Treatment of Thrombotic Antiphospholipid Syndrome: The Rationale of Current Management—An Insight into Future Approaches

Table 3

Details of clinical studies investigating optimal management of aPL carriers.

Author, year [Ref]	Type of study	patients	Inclusion criteria	Treatment	Observation time	Event Rate	Main findings
Erkan et al., 2001 [49]	Retrospective	65	aPL+ women with 1 foetal loss	LDASA; No treatment	Mean 8.1 years	10%; 59%	LDASA beneficial in aPL+ women with 1 foetal loss
Erkan et al., 2002 [50]	Cross-sectional	56	aPL+ asymptomatic subjects	LDASA/HCQ	6 months	0	LDASA/HCQ beneficial in asymptomatic aPL+ individuals
Girón-González et al., 2004 [41]	Prospective	178	aPL+ asymptomatic subjects	LMWH/LDASA prophylaxis during high-risk situation	3 years	0	LMWH/LDASA prophylaxis during high-risk situation beneficial as primary prophylaxis in aPL carriers
Mok et al., 2005 [51]	Retrospective	272	SLE patients (aPL+ 29%)	HCQ; No HCQ	27 years	1.26/100 patient-years	Patients taking HCQ had fewer thrombotic complications than those who were not (OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.07–0.44; )
Tarr et al., 2007 [52]	Prospective	81	aPL+ SLE patients	LDASA; None	5 years	1.9%; 6.9%	LDASA/HCQ beneficial in asymptomatic aPL+ SLE patients
Erkan et al., 2007 [53]	Randomized, controlled	98	aPL positive subjects	LDASA; No treatment	Mean 2.46 ± 0.76 years	2.75/100 patient-years 0/100 patient-years	LDASA not beneficial in the primary prophylaxis of aPL positive carriers
Tektonidou et al., 2009 [12]	Prospective	288	144 aPL+ SLE patients; 144 aPL− SLE patients	LDASA/HCQ	104 months; 112 months	20.1%; 7.6%	LDASA and HCQ protective against thrombosis in SLE patients
Cuadrado et al., 2014 [54]	RCT	166	aPL+ patients	LDASA; LDASA + low intensity warfarin	5 years	4.9%; 4.8%	LDASA and LDASA + warfarin were equally effective, but lower bleeding risk with LDASA only