Impaired Cytokine Responses to Epstein-Barr Virus Antigens in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

Table 1

Overview of cytokines included in this study.

Cytokine	Main origin	Central functions	References
IL2	T-cells	Growth and differentiation of T-cells; NK (natural killer) cells activity	[42]
IL12	Macrophages,; dendritic cells	Th1 differentiation; NK cell activation; Promoting IFNγ-secretion from T-cells and NK cells	[43]
IFNγ	Th1, CTL, NK cells	Differentiation and activation of T-cells, NK cells, macrophages; Promotes IL12-secretion from macrophages and dendritic cells; Increases antigen presentation via MHC expression; Antiviral activity	[44]
IL18	Macrophages	Promotes IFNγ secretion from T-cells and NK cells	[45]
IL4	Th2,; mast cells	Th2 differentiation; B-cell activation and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells	[46]
IL5	Th2,; mast cells	B-cell growth and activity	[47]
TNFα	Macrophages	Inflammatory mediator	[48]
TNFβ	Th1	Inflammatory mediator; Enhance adhesion; Antiviral activity	[49, 50]
IL6	Macrophages, Th2, B-cells	Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory; Involved in acute phase response	[35]
IL17	Th17	Inflammatory mediator; Increases chemokine and cytokine production	[51]
IL1β	Macrophages	Inflammatory mediator	[52]
TGFβ	Macrophages	Anti-inflammatory	[52]
IL10	CTL, Th,; macrophages	Anti-inflammatory; Downregulates cell-mediated immunity; Negative feedback regulator	[35]
GM-CSF	T-cells, macrophages, endothelial cells	Inflammatory; Stimulates production of granulocytes and monocytes from stem cells	[53]

IL: interleukin; IFN: interferon; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; CTL: cytotoxic T lymphocytes; NK: natural killer; Th: T helper cells.