The Toll of Vascular Insufficiency: Implications for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease

Table 1

Role of TLR in cardiovascular biology.

Toll-like receptor (TLR)	Ligands	Cell type	Proposed disease process affected	Role	Reference
TLR2	Carboxy alkyl pyrroles	Endothelial cells	⁢Cancer	Proangiogenic	[60]
	HSP60	Cardiac myocytes		Antiapoptotic	[59]
TLR3	Poly:IC	Skeletal myocytes	HIV myopathy	Proinflammatory	[61]
	Double stranded RNA	Endothelial cells	Atherosclerosis	Proapoptotic	[56]
TLR4	HMGB1	Skeletal myocytes	Myositis	Proinflammatory	[62]
	mmLDL	Macrophages	Atherosclerosis	Increases uptake	[55]
	EDA	Cardiac myocytes	Heart failure	Proinflammatory	[58]
	LPS	Endothelial cells	Plaque rupture	Proinflammatory	[50]
	LPS	Endothelial cells	Panarteritis	Proinflammatory	[48]
	LPS	Cardiac myocytes	Heart failure	Antiapoptotic	[45]
	HSP60	Cardiac myocytes	Heart failure	Proapoptotic	[57]
TLR5	Flagellin	Endothelial cells	Adventitial vasculitis	Proinflammatory	[48]
TLR7	Single stranded RNA	Skeletal myocytes	Muscular dystrophy	Proinflammatory	[64]

Current literature suggests that multiple TLRs play a role in cardiovascular disease. This table describes the TLR, proposed ligand, and cell type that is affected as it relates to disease process involving the vascular system. References are also noted. HSP60 is suggested by the authors as a possible TLR2 ligand for the observed effect. Minimally oxidized low density lipoprotein; alternatively spliced extra domain A of fibronectin.